Fig. 5.

(a) Schematic representation of PCL-Mg composite nanofiber mesh preparation. Mg particles enmeshed within the PCL nanofibers as depicted in the drawings and SEM images. In vivo tissues after 28 DIV showed large blood vessels (white arrowheads) and large lateral fat pads (white arrows). H&E-stained sections showed that mesh interior contained numerous macrophages and multinucleated FBGCs (black circles). Reproduced from Ref. [124] (b) A piezoelectric scaffold is fabricated by 3D layer-by-layer droplet spraying method and favors microenvironment rebalance cocktail therapy. Histology showing sciatic nerve morphology and myelinated fiber observed in transmission electron microscope following the application boron nitride nanosheets for piezocatalytic neuronal repair. Reproduced from Ref. [128]. (c) 3D Printing of nanoclay hydrogels into complex architecture which can use in regeneration of complex defects. Reproduced from Ref. [129]. (d) Bioactive nanoclay-TiO₂ (NC-T) scaffolds containing TiO₂ fractions fabricated with spacer for bone tissue engineering via the space holder technique using NaCl particles. The microstructure and surface morphology showed porosity and potential for manufactured bio-nanocomposite scaffolds. Reproduced from Ref. [130].