. 2022 Oct 20;12:200–214. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.001

Table 1.

Overall effect size calculation outcomes and the results from moderator analysis for growth performance (FCR and SGR), enzyme activity (SOD and LSA), disease resistance (CSR and GENE) and gut microbiota (MICRO).

Growth performance	Subgroup	k	SMD (Hedges'g)	I²	95% CI	P-value	95% PI
FCR
Overall		77	−0.70	95.75%	−1.22 to −0.18	0.0087	−3.13 to 1.73
Dose-moderator	Low	26	−0.57		−1.10 to −0.04	0.0363	−3.01 to 1.87
	Medium	29	−0.96		−1.49 to −0.43	0.0004	−3.40 to 1.48
	High	22	−0.55		−1.08 to −0.01	0.0441	−2.99 to 1.89
Duration-moderator	1 mo	11	−0.57		−2.02 to 0.88	0.4402	−3.46 to 2.32
	2 mo	47	−0.78		−1.48 to −0.08	0.0287	−3.37 to 1.81
	>2 mo	19	−0.57		−1.69 to 0.56	0.3227	−3.31 to 2.17
IBW-moderator	Small	41	−0.61		−1.34 to 0.12	0.0993	−3.11 to 1.89
	Medium	22	−0.39		−1.37 to 0.60	0.4405	−2.97 to 2.20
	Large	14	−1.41		−2.61 to −0.21	0.0218	−4.08 to 1.27
SGR
Overall		66	0.66	87.09%	0.37 to 0.95	<0.0001	−0.59 to 1.91
Dose-moderator	Low	24	0.55		0.25 to 0.85	0.0003	−0.71 to 1.81
	Medium	23	0.97		0.67 to 1.27	<0.0001	−0.29 to 2.23
	High	19	0.49		0.19 to 0.80	0.0014	−0.77 to 1.76
Duration-moderator	2 mo	52	0.60		0.27 to 0.93	0.0003	−0.67 to 1.87
Duration-moderator	>2 mo	14	0.89		0.26 to 1.52	0.0058	−0.49 to 2.27
IBW-moderator	Small	36	0.48		0.08 to 0.87	0.0191	−0.81 to 1.76
	Medium	14	0.77		0.15 to 1.40	0.0156	−0.60 to 2.15
	Large	16	0.93		0.38 to 1.49	0.0010	−0.41 to 2.28
Enzyme activities
SOD
Overall		44	2.70	99.08%	1.27 to 4.13	0.0002	−3.00 to 8.39
Dose-moderator	Low	15	2.39		0.94 to 3.85	0.0012	−3.38 to 8.17
	Medium	16	3.11		1.66 to 4.57	<0.0001	−2.66 to 8.89
	High	13	2.74		1.28 to 4.19	0.0002	−3.04 to 8.51
Duration-moderator	1 mo	13	5.19		3.17 to 7.20	<0.0001	0.30 to 10.07
	2 mo	19	1.78		0.09 to 3.46	0.0391	−2.98 to 6.53
	>2 mo	12	0.71		−1.86 to 3.28	0.5889	−4.43 to 5.84
IBW-moderator	Small	19	2.43		0.12 to 4.75	0.0396	−3.68 to 8.55
	Medium	10	1.31		−1.96 to 4.58	0.4328	−5.23 to 7.84
	Large	15	3.67		1.34 to 6.00	0.0020	−2.44 to 9.79
LSA
Overall		62	2.11	97.51%	1.34 to 2.88	<0.0001	−1.48 to 5.70
Dose-moderator	Low	22	2.37		1.63 to 3.11	<0.0001	−1.03 to 5.77
	Medium	20	2.91		2.17 to 3.66	<0.0001	−0.49 to 6.32
	High	20	1.17		0.43 to 1.91	0.0019	−2.23 to 4.58
Duration-moderator	1 mo	14	2.39		1.07 to 3.71	0.0004	−1.05 to 5.83
	2 mo	39	1.48		0.56 to 2.40	0.0017	−1.83 to 4.79
	>2 mo	9	4.08		2.22 to 5.93	<0.0001	0.40 to 7.75
IBW-moderator	Small	23	2.65		1.37 to 3.93	<0.0001	−1.16 to 6.46
	Medium	10	1.72		−0.36 to 3.80	0.1054	−2.43 to 5.87
	Large	29	1.80		0.65 to 2.94	0.0021	−1.97 to 5.56
Disease resistance
CSR
Overall		49	0.73	99.94%	0.44 to 1.01	<0.0001	−0.41 to 1.86
Dose-moderator	Low	17	0.56		0.28 to 0.85	<0.0001	−0.56 to 1.69
	Medium	18	0.93		0.64 to 1.21	<0.0001	−0.20 to 2.05
	High	14	0.71		0.43 to 0.99	<0.0001	−0.41 to 1.83
Duration-moderator	1 mo	28	0.61		0.21 to 1.00	0.0026	−0.57 to 1.79
Duration-moderator	2 mo	21	0.86		0.44 to 1.28	<0.0001	−0.33 to 2.05
IBW-moderator	Small	27	0.75		0.31 to 1.18	0.0008	−0.49 to 1.98
	Medium	10	0.47		−0.20 to 1.13	0.1700	−0.87 to 1.80
	Large	12	0.85		0.33 to 1.37	0.0013	−0.41 to 2.12
GENE
Overall		378	2.70	99.42%	0.09 to 5.48	0.0479	−5.64 to 11.03
Gene-moderator	Caspase 3	22	3.59		0.78 to 6.41	0.0124	−4.82 to 12.00
	il	133	2.76		−0.06 to 5.57	0.0547	−5.65 to 11.17
	mx	23	2.99		0.18 to 5.81	0.0371	−5.42 to 11.40
	stat	40	2.11		−0.70 to 4.92	0.1412	−6.30 to 10.52
	tnf-α	34	2.65		−0.16 to 5.46	0.0650	−5.76 to 11.06
	Other	126	2.58		−0.23 to 5.39	0.0721	−5.83 to 10.99
Tissue-moderator	Intestine	142	5.72		1.92 to 9.51	0.0032	−1.82 to 13.25
	Kidney	93	1.21		−1.71 to 4.12	0.4173	−5.92 to 8.33
	Liver	46	1.10		−1.82 to 4.01	0.4607	−6.03 to 8.23
	Spleen	97	0.12		−2.80 to 3.03	0.9347	−7.01 to 7.25
Time-moderator	0-h	56	1.98		−1.09 to 5.05	0.2060	−7.20 to 11.16
	24-h	239	3.35		0.28 to 6.42	0.0325	−5.84 to 12.53
	48-h	83	2.96		−0.11 to 6.03	0.0587	−6.22 to 12.14
Gut microbiota
MICRO
Overall		29	0.09	57.52%	−0.24 to 0.41	0.6056	−0.66 to 0.83
Structure-moderator	ACE	6	1.01		−0.60 to 2.63	0.2195	−2.55 to 4.57
	Shannon	7	0.20		−1.40 to 1.80	0.8091	−3.36 to 3.75
	Simpson	7	0.90		−0.70 to 2.51	0.2696	−2.65 to 4.46
	Chao 1	7	0.43		−1.18 to 2.04	0.6014	−3.13 to 3.99
	Observed-species	2	−0.53		−2.19 to 1.14	0.5339	−4.11 to 3.06
Species-moderator	E. lanceolatus	4	0.86		−1.03 to 2.75	0.3749	−1.79 to 3.50
	P. yessoensis	4	−0.80		−2.68 to 1.07	0.3996	−3.43 to 1.82
	S. maximus	16	−0.74		−2.59 to 1.11	0.4328	−3.36 to 1.87
	L. crocea	5	2.51		0.65 to 4.37	0.0083	−0.11 to 5.13

k = the number of effect sizes; SMD = standardized mean difference; I² = the heterogeneity index across studies; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; 95% PI = 95% predicted interval; FCR = feed conversion ratio; SGR = specific growth rate; SOD = superoxide dismutase activity; LSA = lysozyme activity; IBW = initial body weight; CSR = cumulative survival rate after pathogen infection; GENE = expression of immune-related genes; MICRO = the abundance of gut microbiota; ACE = Abundance-based Coverage Estimator.