Table A2.

Digital Business Ecosystems dimension

Dimension	Categories	Codes	Phrases/Excerpts
Digital Business	Digital Culture, Literacy and Sills	Digital Culture	“Attributes enhancing digital transformation efforts: risk-taking, test & learn, no-blame culture, customer centric, open to change, agile, autonomy of employees, …” [64]
		Digital Literacy	“Skills, knowledge and abilities of a person or social group used while interacting with digital technologies is described as employees' digital literacy, which is beyond traditional literacy perception limited purely to the ability to read, write and use printed texts in various contexts. Research previously has considered digital literacy of employees as a critical dynamic capability of organizations during their digital transformations. Recent studies have stressed that the greatest challenge in many organizations in digital transformation and innovation is finding a way for re-imagining the employees' experience and bringing their digital literacy up to date.” [58]
		Digital Skills	“The success of I4.0 initiatives depends on digital skills and knowledge that the company is able to recruit or train. So, the company should introduce new figures, like data scientists, user-interface designers or digital innovation managers, by recruiting new employees or training existing ones to put digitization into place. A specific step to analyze and define digital skills and capabilities is included in many consulting firms' DTMs, namely the PwC, Deloitte and McKinsey DTMs: these models highlight the essential role of digital skills in a successful digital transformation. They recommend that companies assess and map the digital capabilities needed to enable digital transformation and also suggest methods to create and acquire those capabilities that are not internally available; to this end, PwC's and McKinsey's DTMs suggest employee upskilling through dedicated digital training programs, as well as external recruitment to hire others' capabilities; Deloitte, beside the methods suggested by McKinsey and PwC, suggests the creation of partnership and recruitment as-a-service to access the needed capabilities.” [52]
	Digital Economy	Digital Technologies	“Digital technologies function as an enabler for more global, collaborative, and open activities. While expectations concerning the overall potential of digital technologies are high, measuring the digital economy's size and impact is challenging. In the digital world, firms face an environment in which constant connectivity allows for and demands more interactions and involvement of customers and collaborators and in which access to resources has often replaced their ownership.” [65]
		Digital Economy Definition	“A digital economy is an economy that accelerates the digital transformation of existing economic sectors, fosters new ecosystems enabled by digital technologies, and develops a next-generation digital industry in sectors with cybersecurity as an engine of growth.” [66]
	Innovation and Sociotechnical Shared Values	Knowledge	“Knowledge is the focus of the PSD framework, as it uses Innovation and Sociotechnical shared values to support Digital Transformation (DT) throughout New Product Development (NPD) projects. The sociotechnical approach regards DT environments as worldwide sociotechnical ecosystems, where systems are connected in networks, algorithms, people and industrial organizations.” [54]
		Sociotechnical Processes	“Digitalization refers to sociotechnical processes of digitization application at social and institutional levels. However, this digitalization concept differs from digitization in that the last refers to converting analogue sources into digital ones at narrow levels.” [56]