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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Nov 2;80(24):e223–e393. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.004

FIGURE 23. Classification System for BTTAIs.

FIGURE 23

Aortic injuries are classified according to severity, based on the findings of diagnostic imaging. Grade 1, intimal tear. intimal flap, or both. Grade 2, intramural hematoma. Grade 3, aortic wall disruption with pseudoaneurysm. Grade 4, aortic wall disruption with free rupture. BTTAI indicates blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injury. Adapted from Azizzadeh et al,2 Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier, Inc. and the Society for Vascular Surgery.