Table 2.
Author | Signalment | Study Design | Sample Size | Diet Type | Duration of Feeding Diet | Comparator | Outcomes Assessed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal—Based Outcomes | |||||||
Brown et al., 2009 [32] | Pure-bred Siberian huskies Racing sled dogs Age not stated |
Non-randomized experimental trial | 12 | Meat-free diet | 16 weeks | Compared a commercial meat-based diet with an experimental meat-free | Food intake Body weight Complete blood count |
Cavanaugh et al., 2021 [33] | PB diet Median age = 2.9 years Median BW = 19.5 kg Mixed breed: 27 Siberian husky: 2 Pitbull: 2 Border collie: 1 Vizsla: 2 Pug: 1 Spayed females: 16 Castrated males: 1 Intact female and male: 1 Control diet: Median age = 3.8 years Median BW = 20.8 kg All mixed breed and spayed females and males |
Non-randomized experimental study | PB = 34 Control = 4 |
Commercial plant-based diet Control diet (traditional dry commercial diet) |
12 weeks 4 weeks wash in period |
Compared to a traditional dry commercial diet | Clinical sign Biochemical profile Plasma amino acid panel Taurine Urinalysis Echocardiography Guardian-based acceptance |
Cavanaugh et al., 2022 [34] | Adult mixed-breed dogs G1 and G2 average age = 3 and 2.8 years, respectively G1 and G2 average weight = 14.3 and 14.8 kg, respectively |
Randomized controlled trial | 16 | Commercial extruded plant-based diet | 4 weeks | Compared to commercial extruded traditional diet | Physical examination Blood analysis for TMOA, choline, betaine, and creatine |
El-Wahab et al., 2021 [35] | Healthy female Beagle Average BW = 11.0 ± 1.31 kg Average age = 3 years |
Experimental crossover design | 8 | Vegetarian basic diet Vegetarian basic diet with hydrolyzed feather meal and either corn meal, fermented rye or rye supplemented |
10 days | N/A | Food and water intake Body weight Fecal score Digestibility |
Ingenpaß et al., 2021 [36] | Unneutered female Beagle dogs Average BW = 9.64 ± 0.68 kg Average BCS = 4.98 |
Experimental crossover design | 6 (n = 3 per diet) | Vegetarian diet containing wheat gluten (8.81%), rice protein (8.81%), sunflower oil (6.84%) and vitamin D3 (0.045 g/kg) | 24 days | Compared to meat-based diet containing poultry meal (19.5%) and poultry fat (5.23%) | Fecal quality Apparent digestibility Crude protein Crude fat Nitrogen estimation |
Kiemer 2020 [37] | Average age = 2.15 years Whippet, Golden retriever, mixed, Australian mini shepherd, cocker-mixed, German shepherd cross, Husky, Boston terrier, Daschund, Cavalier king Charles spaniel, French bulldog, Corgi |
Randomized controlled trial | PB diet = 20 Control = 20 Feeding trial = 8 (vegan = 4, control = 4) |
100% vegan diet for at least 3 months before the trial | 6 weeks | Compared to meat-based diet | Blood chemistry Physical examination Guardian survey |
Semp 2014 [27] | Not stated | Cross-sectional | 20 | Commercial plant-based pet food 27% supplemented diet 65% no supplemented diet |
Average length of diet consumption: 2.83 years | N/A | Clinical examination Body condition score Blood hematology/biochemistry Pancreatic parameters Magnesium Calcium Total protein Folic acid Vitamin B12 Carnitine |
Rankovic et al., 2020 [38] | Siberian husky Male neutered (n = 4) Female spayed (n = 5) Female intact = 2 Average age = 5.63 ± 0.57 Average BCS = 4.80 ± 0.66 Average BW = 24.94 ± 0.99 kg |
Experimental crossover design | Study 1 = 6 Study 2 = 11 |
Three starch rich foods: white bread, cooked white long grain rice, and cooked Eston green lentils | 150 min | Four commercial foods | Glycemic index Glycemic response Insulinemic response |
Richards et al., 2021 [39] | Adult, client-owned Siberian huskies Neutered males = 4 Spayed females = 5 Intact females = 1 Average age = 5.63 ± 0.72 years Mean BW = 23.32 ± 1.15 kg |
Non-randomized experimental | 11 | Vegetarian formula | Experimental day and 7 weeks wash out period | Four commercial foods | Gastric emptying |
Guardian—Reported Outcomes | |||||||
Dodd et al., 2022 [40] | Average age = 6 years 679 males 688 females MB diet = 665 PB diet = 357 118 specific breeds 162 crossbreds |
Qualitative research | 1189 | Plant-based diet | 9 months | Responses were compared to those of guardians feeding meat-based diets and to a combination of both | Guardian perception of health and wellbeing BCS Lifespan (previously owned dogs) |
Knight and Satchell 2021 [26] * | Females 82% | Survey | 2639 dogs (4057 guardians of dogs and/or cats) |
Vegan | Mixed survey | Conventional diet Raw meat diet Mixture |
Guardian -reported palatability |
Knight et al., 2022 [41] * | Fed a conventional meat diet (54%) Raw meat diet (33%) Vegan diet (13%) Vegan diet animals with health disorders (36%) |
Cross sectional survey | 2639 dogs | Vegan diet | At least 1 year | Comparison between the three types of diets (meat, raw meat, and vegan) | Veterinary visits Medication use Guardian based health Seven general health disorders 22 specific health disorders |
Semp 2014 [27] | M,F Not stated |
Cross-sectional survey | 38 guardians 174 dogs |
Commercial plant-based pet food 27% supplemented diet 65% no supplemented diet |
Average length of diet consumption: 2.83 years | N/A | Guardian-reported health Stool consistency Coat condition |
BCS: body condition score; BW: body weight; MF: male, female; MB: meat-based diet; PB: plant-based diet. * These studies relate to the same survey dataset with different outcomes presented in the two studies.