Table 3.

Studies evaluating the effect of curcumin in tendinopathy.

Reference		Molecule/s	Dosage	Route	Days	Placebo/Control	n	Type of Subjects	Type Injury	Tests	Impact on Resolution.
Buhrmann et al. (2011)	[94]	Curcumin	5–20 μM	Tenocytes culture in vitro	12 h, 24 h, 48 h	C	-	Human tenocytes monolayer cultures	IL-1β stimulated tenocytes	Histology, Immunology	⊕ modulation of NF-κB signaling, inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Any toxicity on the cells
Mueller AL et al. (2022)	[95]	Calebin A	5000 μM DMSO (<0.1%)).	Tenocytes culture in vitro	18 h	C	-	Canine tenocytes monolayer cultures	Tendinitis μenvironment	Histology, Immunology	⊕ inflammatory and degradative processes by blocking TNF-β, TNF-α-induced adhesiveness and T-lymphocytes facilitating down-regulation of Collagen I, Tenomodulin, tenocyte-specific transcription factor and the up-regulation of NF-κB phosphorylation;.
Chen B et al. (2021)	[96]	Curcumin, Mg, Chitosan		Hydrogel locally applied during surgery	3–4–21	C		Rodents	Rotator cuff C/R	Histology, Immunology, Biomechanical.	Promote rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing ⊕ anti-inflammatory and antioxidation effects, ⊕ biomechanical tests and histological results
Chen Y et al. (2019)	[88]	Curcumin, Chitosan	135 mg/mL	Hydrogel locally applied during surgery	Every 3 d/4 weeks	C	21	Rodents	Achilles tendon ectopic calcification model	Imaging (xR), Histology, Immunology.	⊕ Partially reversed tendon calcification and enhanced tendon regeneration
Güleç A et al. (2018)	[89]	Curcumin	200 mg/kg	Oral gavage	28	C	18	Rodents	Achilles tendon C/R	Histology and Biomechanical	⊕ Tenocyte morphology, collagen, and ground substance scores, ⊕ Biomechanical parameters (failure load, cross-sectional area, length, ultimate stress, strain), ↔ Vascularization,
Jiang D et al. (2016)	[90]	Curcumin	100 mg/kg	Oral gavage	14	C	64	Rodents	Patellar tendon	Histology, Immunology Gene expression, Biomechanical	⊕ Organized collagen fiber, alignment, ⊕ collagen I, ⊕ biomechanical properties and ↑SOD, ↓MDA.
Zhang J et al. (2021)	[91]	Curcumin Celecoxib	-	Electrospun polyester membrane (EPM)	3	C	40	Rodents	Achilles tendon C/R	Histology, Immunology	The EPM with Curcumin and Celecoxib acts synergistically preventing peritendinous adhesion and inflammation.
Li Y et al. (2016)	[92]	Curcumin	0.44 mg/kg/0.1 mL saline	Polymeric nanomicelles applied locally	28	C	36	Rodents	Achilles tendon C/R	Histology, Biomechanical	⊕ inflammatory adhesion, ⊕ collagen fiber orientation ⊕ tendon strength
Merolla et al. (2015)	[97]	Curcuma, MSM, Boswellia, Vit C, Glucosamin, CS, Collagen, Arginin	200 mg	Oral	168	P	50	Human	Rotator cuff surgery	VAS, PGAS, Constant–Murley Score, Biomechanical.	⊕ postoperative rotator cuff short and partially mid-term pain, while longterm pain was unchanged, ⊕ concomitant treatment
Henrotin Y et al. (2021)	[98]	Curcumin, Boswellia	144 mg	Oral	30	No	670	Human	Diverse tendinopathies	Analog visual scale (VAS), patien satisfaction	⊕ pain score, concomitant treatment and patient satisfaction

⊕: Effective; Ineffective; ↑: Higher or improved; ↓: Lower; ↔: Similar than the Control group; CS: Condroitin sulfate; d: Days; DMSO: Dimethyl-sulfoxide; EPM: Electrospun polyester membrane; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; MSM: C/R: cut and repair; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor-κB; PGAS: Patient Global Assessment scores; VAS: Visula analog scale; Vit C: Vitamin C.