Figure 6.

Effects of ginsenoside Rd on the production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A WST-8 assay was conducted to evaluate the viability of cells treated with ginsenoside Rd and Re (A). Nitric oxide (B) and proinflammatory cytokine (C) levels were analyzed in the LPS-stimulated-cell supernatant. After 2 h of LPS stimulation, nuclear translocation was evaluated by Western blot (D) and immunofluorescence staining under 200× magnification (E). Samples were grouped according to treatment: vehicle (Veh), control (Con), 50 μM ginsenoside Rd (Rd50), and 50 μM ginsenoside Re (Re50). The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^## p < 0.01 compared with the vehicle group; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared with the control group.