Table 1.
Insulin resistance, steatosis, and fibrosis indices used in the study.
| Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | (HOMA-IR = fasting glucose (mg/dL) × insulin (μU/mL)/405) | |
| Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) | QUICKI = 1/[log(fasting insulin μU/mL) + log(fasting glucose mg/dL)] | |
| Matsuda index (M-ISI) | M-ISI = 10,000/(glucose0 mmol/dL × insulin0 mU/L × glucose mean mmol/dL × insulin-mean mU/L)1/2 | |
| Glucose to insulin ratio (G/I ratio) | G/I ratio = fasting glucose/fasting insulin | |
| Fatty liver index (FLI) | FLI = (e0.953 × loge(TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 ∗ loge(GGT) + 0.053 × WC − 15.745)/(1 + e0.953 × loge(TG) + 0.319 × BMI + 0.718 × loge(GGT) + 0.053 × WC − 15.745) × 100 | |
| Liver fat score (LFS) | LFS = −2.89 + 1.18 × MetS (yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.45 × T2DM (yes = 2, no = 0) + 0.15 × fS-insulin (mU/L) + 0.04 × fS-AST (U/L) − 0.94 × AST/ALT | |
| Lipid accumulation product (LAP) | LAP = (WC [cm] − 58) × (TG [mmol/L]) | |
| Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) | HIS = 8 × ALT/AST ratio +BMI(+2 if T2DM, +2 if female) | |
| ALT/TG ratio | ALT/TG | |
| Tomizawa index | positive if ALT > 19 IU/L and TG > 101 mg/dL | |
| PCOS hepatic steatosis index for obese individuals (PCOS-HS) | PCOS-HS = 1/1 + [exp (−(26.01 + (−0.3761 × BMI percentile + 0.05781 × WC (cm) + 0.0448 × HOMA IR + 0.00095519 × HDLc (mmol/L) + 0.00005892 × TG (mmol/L) + 0.0964 × ALT (IU/L) + 0.001548 × free testosterone (nmol/L) − 0.06806 × SHBG (nmol/L))] | |
| Visceral adiposity index (VAI) | VAI = [WC/(36.58 + 1.88 × BMI)] × TG/0.81 × 1.52/HDLc | |
| FIB-4 index | FIB-4 = age (years) × AST(U/L)/[PLT(109/L) × ALT1/2 (U/L)] | |
| NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) | NFS = −1.6750 + 0.037 × age (years) + 0.094 × BMI (kg/m2) + 1.13 × impaired fasting glucose/T2DM (yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.99 × AST/ALT ratio − 0.013 × PLT (109/L) − 0.66 × albumin (g/dL) | |
| AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) | APRI = (AST/upper limit of AST × 100)/PLT (×109/L) | |
| BARD score | BARD = sum of points, BMI ≥ 28 = 1 point, AST/ALT ≥ 0.8 = 2 points, T2DM = 1 point | |
| BAAT score | BAAT = sum of points, BMI ≥ 28 = 1 point, <28 = 0, age ≥ 50 = 1 point, <50 = 0, ALT ≥ 2 × upper normal = 1 point, <2 upper normal = 0, TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L = 1, <1.7 = 0 | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; MetS, metabolic syndrome; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; TG, triglycerides; PLT, platelet number; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.