Table 5.

Production of AQs in Rubia species using bioreactor cultures.

The Type of Bioreactor Used	Species and Type of Culture	Culture Medium and Growth Regulators/Additives	Optimization of Factors	Metabolites and Yield or Productivity	References
New Brunswick fermenters; 1.5 L	Rubia cordifolia, cell suspension culture	MS medium + 1 mg L−1 IAA + 1 mg L−1 NAA + 1 mg L−1 BA and 3% sucrose	The effect of helical and Rushton turbine impellers on the accumulation of anthraquinones	AQs—37.96 and 78.93 mg g−1 DW of alizarin and purpurin	[41]
Stirred tank bioreactors	Rubia tinctorum, cell suspension culture	-	-	AQs—Not reported	[78]
New Brunswick fermenters; 1.5 and 5 L	Rubia tinctorum, cell suspension culture	B5 medium + 2 mg L−1 NAA + 0.1 mg L−1 IAA + 0.2 mg L−1 KN + 2% sucrose	The effect of hydrodynamic stress on cell viability, biomass, and anthraquinone production	AQs—70.7 μmol g−1 day−1	[79]
Stirred tank bioreactors	Rubia tinctorum, cell suspension culture	B5 medium + 2 mg L−1 NAA + 0.1 mg L−1 IAA + 0.2 mg L−1 KN + 2% sucrose	The effect of turbulence and light irradiation on cell viability, biomass, and anthraquinone production	AQs—681.3 μmol L−1	[80]

¹ B5—Gamborg B5 medium; BA—benzyl adenine; IAA—indoleacetic acid; KN—kinetin; MS—Murashige and Skoog medium; NAA—1-naphthalene acetic acid.