. 2023 Jan 12;15(1):274. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010274

Table 2.

Summary of MOF–polymer composites for antimicrobial applications.

Polymer/MOF	Composition/Synthesis Method	Antimicrobial Agent	Applications	Mechanism	Target Organism	Antimicrobial Efficiency	Ref./Year
Cellulose–MOF199	Rapid solvent exchange upon dispersion in water	Cu²⁺	Water purification	MOF disintegration	E. coli	Optical density lower in the PolyMOF solution compared to controls after 4 h	[173] (2019)
Polylactic acid (PLA) fibres containing Co-SIM-1	2–6 weight % Co-SIM-1 to PLA. Electrospinning	Co²⁺	Membranes for biomedical applications	MOF disintegration	P. putida S. aureus	Inhib. zones: 23.6 ± 1.4 mm 25.4 ± 0.801 mm	[174] (2015)
PCL/Cur@ ZIF-8	0–35% MOF to PCL. Curcumin loaded during ZIF-8 synthesis, and solvent casting used to add PCL	Curcumin and ZIF-8 ROS Zn²⁺	Antimicrobial food packaging	Curcumin release ~doubled when Poly-MOF exposed to pH 5 compared to a neutral pH following 72-h	E. coli S. aureus	99.9% decrease in the growth of E. coli and S. aureus when over 15% of Cur@ZIF-8 was loaded. Detachment of bacteria	[175] (2019)
PCN−224 NPs@PCL	Up to 13.32 weight % PCN−224 NPs loaded Co-electrospinning	ROS/ photoirradiation	Antimicrobial wound dressing	Photoactivation	S. aureus MRSA E. coli	The survival rates of S. aureus, MRSA, and E. coli were 0.13%, 1.91%, and 2.06%, respectively.	[176] (2021)
MOF-525/PCL MMMs	10–30 weight % MOF-525 was loaded. Solvent casting	ROS/ photoirradiation	“Smart” biologically responsive material	Photoactivity	E. coli	Most colonies removed after 30 min up to 90 min of irradiation. Less than 80 viable colonies were left after 90 min or irradiation.	[177] (2017)
ZIF-8@PVA/CH/HA (polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, hyaluronic acid)	0 to 1.0% wv of ZIF-8: composite Electrospinning	ROS/ photoirradiation	Biological materials for bone/tissue regeneration	Photoactivity	B. cereus L. monocytogenes E. coli P. aeruginosa C. tropical C. glabrata C. albicans	0.8%wv ZIF-8@PVA/CH/HA was the most active with the smallest inhibition zone being 9.67 ± 2.56 mm, and the largest 23.0 ± 2.0 mm.	[178] (2022)
I₂@AuNR@SiO₂@UiO-66 in (PVDF) film	8% and 25% of AuNR@SiO2@UiO-66: PVDF I₂ content: 0.012 and 0.159 mg (mg film)⁻¹ Drop casting	I₂	Prophylactic treatment	Chemical effect NIR triggered release	E. coli S. aureus	Inhib. zone: 15.6 ± 3.8 and 41.6 ± 2.7 mm, for E. coli 19.5 ± 1.3 and 43.2 ± 4.3 mm, for S. aureus	[179] (2022)
UiO66@I₂/PCL composite	0.5 and 1.0 wt% iodine Solvent casting	I₂	Iodine-based antimicrobials	Chemical effect.	S. aureus E. coli	Inhib. zone: ~2 (between 3 and 5 mm) ~6 mm (between 11 and 12 mm)	[180] (2022)
MOF199@bamboo (carboxymethylated bamboo)	11.1 wt% Cu²⁺ two stage synthesis to immobilise MOF-199	Cu²⁺ MOF composite	MOF-coated wood-based materials	Physical disinfection Surface active metal sites	E. coli	Reduction in colony number by 38. 91.4% antibacterial ratio	[181] (2021)
PUF@Cu-BTC (Polyurethane foams)	Crosslinking reaction of castor oil and chitosan with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate.	CuBTC/ composite Active Cu⁺² centres	Skin disease and wound treatment	Synergistic effect of composite and MOF	P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae MRSA	97.8%, 99.9% and 77.6% reduction, respectively.	[106] (2021)
CP/CNF/ZIF-67 (Cellulose nanofibres, modified using sodium carboxylate groups)	20.5% MOF composition In situ synthesis	Co²⁺ 2-methylimidazole	Medical and health security	MOF disintegration	E. coli	Inhib. zone: 12 mm	[182] (2018)
ZIF-8/cotton fabrics (polydopamine templated cottons)	14.5% MOF/composite ratio in situ synthesis	Zn²⁺ -NH₂ groups in polydopamine	Multifunctional textiles	MOF disintegration Formation of amine phosphate complexes	E. coli	Inhib. zone present. (not quantified)	[183] (2020)
Wool@MOF (HKUST-1 MOF)	in situ synthesis	Cu²⁺	Biologically functional fabrics	MOF disintegration	E. coli S. aureus	Before washing: 100% reduction after 24 and 48 h. After washing: 99.7% and 100% reduction for 24 and 48 h, respectively.	[184] (2019)
cotton@(ZIF-67)₃/PDMS	12.97 wt% cobalt in situ synthesis, PSM with polydimethylsiloxane	Co²⁺	Multifunctional cotton fabric for use in the antibacterial and anti-ultraviolet field	MOF disintegration	E. coli S. aureus	Inhib. zone: 15 mm 15 mm (slight increase for S. aureus)	[185] (2021)
CS-Van-NMOFs	Vancomycin content: 9.87 ± 1.23% Mixing method	Vancomycin Metal ion	Antibiotic therapy of multiple drug resistant infections	Cargo release MOF disintegration	Vancomycin-sensitive S. aureus Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus	Refer to Table 3	[186] (2019)
PolyCu-MOF@AgNPs	Ag% wt: 7.24%; Cu% wt:3.46%	Cu²⁺ Ag⁺	Wound healing	MOF disintegration Cargo release	E. coli S. aureus	MIC: 10 µg mL⁻¹ 10 µg mL⁻¹	[187] (2022)
THY@PCN/PUL/PVA	Electrospinning	ROS/photoirradiation Thymol	Food packaging	Photodynamic therapy Cargo release	E. coli S. aureus	Inhibition of ~99% and ~98% for S. aureus and E. coli, upon irradiation, respectively	[188] (2021)
GelMA-graft-poly(AA-co-AAm)/MIL-53(Fe)/CS extract	Grafting	Camellia sinensis Fe²⁺	Antibacterial hydrogel wound dressing	(cargo release) (MOF disintegration)	B. cereus S. aureus S. mutans K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa C. albicans strain	Inhib. zone: 27 ± 3 mm, 17 ± 4 mm, 23 ± 1 mm, 25 ± 2 mm, 20 ± 1 mm, 22 ± 4 mm, and 25 ± 3 mm, respectively	[189] (2022)
ZIF-8/cellulose	77.5% disposition ratio in situ synthesis	Zn²⁺	Composite filters	(MOF disintegration)	E. coli	Inhib. zone: 9.1 mm	[190] (2018)
MOF-199/cellulose	88.4% disposition ratio loading by in situ synthesis	Cu²⁺	Composite filters	(MOF disintegration)	E. coli	Inhib. zone: 15.2 mm	[190] (2018)
Ag-MOF/cellulose	87.2% disposition ratio Loading by in situ synthesis	Ag⁺	Composite filters	(MOF disintegration)	E. coli	Inhib. zone: 20.8 mm	[190] (2018)
Cu-BTC/cellulose	Surface grafting	Cu²⁺	Antimicrobial fabric	(MOF disintegration)	E. coli	MIC: 25 µM	[191] (2014)
CuBTC/silk	Layer by- layer	Cu²⁺ CuBTC	Antimicrobial fabric	(MOF disintegration)	E. coli S. aureus	Inhib. zone: 7.7–8.0 mm 6.5–7.5 mm	[192] (2012)
CuBTC/PVA	10 and 15% by weight Electrospinning	Cu²⁺ CuBTC	Antimicrobial fabrics	(MOF disintegration)	E. coli S. aureus	Inhib zone: S. aureus ranging from 2 to 4 mm	[193] (2018)
Cu₃(NH₂BTC)₂ Cotton	Layer by layer	- Cu₃(NH₂BTC)₂	Wound dressing	(Post-synthetic modification/MOF disintegration) (surface antibacterial properties, bacterial detachment)	E. coli	Reduction in viability of 4-log in modified MOF and 5-log in unmodified MOF, in 24 h	[194] (2018)
Cu-BTTri/chitosan	1%, 5% and 20% w/w mixing method	Cu²⁺	-	MOF disintegration Surface interaction	P. aeruginosa	Detachment of bacteria	[130] (2017)
CuBTC/polymer (nylon and polyester hybrid)	97.14–127.33 mg MOF (g fabric)⁻¹ in situ synthesis	Cu²⁺ CuBTC	-	- (MOF disintegration)	E. coli S. aureus C. albicans	MIC: 60–64 mM 65–70 mM 62–67 mM	[195] (2018)
HKUST-1/chitosan	40% MOF: composite ratio from TGA freeze-drying	Cu²⁺ CuBTC	Wound dressing	(MOF disintegration) (contact-based action)	E. coli S. aureus	Shrinking of bacterial cell Upon 45 min of contact	[196] 2019
Ag NPs@ HKUST-1@ CFs (carboxymethylated fibres)	Deposition ratio: 31.64% by weight Ag wt%:4.79; Cu wt%: 13.3 in situ preparation	Ag⁺ Cu²⁺	Cellulose-based antibacterial materials (food and medical packaging)	Cargo release MOF disintegration	S. aureus E. coli	99.41% inhibition for S.aureus	[197] (2018)
2D Cu-TCPP(Fe)/GOx	2.5 ± 0.03 weight % glucose oxidase incorporated into MOF. Stirring and centrifugation	•OH	MOF-based nanozymes for biological applications	Glucose catalysis	S. aureus E. coli	Inactivation percentage of ~88~90%	[198] (2019)
MIL@GOx-MIL NR	7.5% glucose oxidase loaded Solvothermal method with centrifugation	•OH	MOF/enzyme hybrid nanoreactors	Glucose catalysis	Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus	80 μg/mL MIL@GOx-MIL NRs antibacterial rate was greater than 99.99%.	[199] (2020)
MMNPs	Ultrasonication treatment followed by biomineralization process in alkaline conditions	ROS/photoirradiation	Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy	Photodynamic therapy	S. aureus E. coli	Following H₂O₂ addition and irradiation 99% E. coli and 90% S. aureus were eradicated.	[200] (2019)
PAN-PCN	0.1–0.6 wt% PCN-224 NPs in polyacrylonitrile Electrospinning	ROS/photoirradiation	To combat pathogen drug resistance and spreading	Photodynamic therapy	S. aureus E. coli	Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation study (0.6 wt% PCN-224 NPs): S. aureus—4.70 log unit elimination E. coli—3.00 log unit elimination	[201] (2021)
TFC-Ag-MOF composites	In situ TFC functionalisation	Ag⁺	Antifouling membrane for FO applications	Ag⁺ release	P. aeruginosa	Bacterial mortality of 100% was nearly reached	[202] 2019