Table 3.

Polyphenolic compounds in different species of insects.

Family/Species	Polyphenolic Compounds	Reference
Black ant
Polyrhachis vicina	Salicylic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, isoferulic acid, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, formononetin, liquiritigenin, quercetin, caffeic acid, naringenin, catechin, sakuranetin, and L-epicatechin.	[22]
Acrididae
Acheta domesticus	Quinic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, daidzein, quercetin, naringenin, and apigenin	[16]
Dissoteira carolina	Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) and quercetin-β-3-O-glucoside	[79]
Schistocerca americana	Luteolin (3′,4′,5,7- tetrahydroxyflavone) and β-3-O-glucoside	[80]
Beetle
Holotrichia parallela	Resveratrol, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, protocatechualdehyde, ferulic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, quercetin, and catechin	[14]
Caterpillar
Rondotia menciana	Quercetin-glycosides and kaempferol-glycosides	[81]
Silkworm
Bombyx mori	Quercetin, kaempferol, and quercetin-glycosides	[82,83]
Butterfly
Antheraea pernyi	Hyperoside (quercetin 3-O-glucoside), isoquercitroside, tricin 7-O-hexoside, hesperetin 5-O-glucoside, protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (cynaroside), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (astragalin), C-hexosyl-luteolin O-p-coumaroylhexoside, luteolin 6-C-glucoside, tricin 4′-O-(β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether O-hexoside, orientin, luteolin C-hexoside, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (trifolin), and tricin 4′-O-(β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether 7-O-hexoside 1	[84]
Melanargia galathea	Tricin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone), apigenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), tricin 7-glucoside, orientin (8-glucosylluteolin), luteolin 7-diglucoside, orientin 7-glucoside, vitexin 7-glucoside, isoorientin (luteolin 6-C-glucoside), isovitexin (6-C-glucosylapigenin), and tricin 4′-conjugate	[85]
Coenonympha pamphilus	Tricin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone)	[86]
Lysandra coridon Poda	Kaempferol-glycosides	[87]
Polyommatus icarus	Quercetin, kaempferol, and quercetin-glycosides and kaempferol-glycosides	[88]
Pieris brassicae	Kaempferol glycosides and ferulic and sinapic acids	[79]
Melanargia galathea	Glycosides of tricin (tricin-glycosides), lutexin, and tricin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone)	[89]
Hymenoptera
Amauronematus amplus, Arge sp. , Nematus bre-vivalvis, Nematus pravus, Nematus viridis, Nematus alpestris, Trichiosoma scalesii	Quercetin-glycosides, kaempferol-glycosides	[90]
Neodiprion sertifer	(+)-Catechin 7-O-β-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3,7,4′-tri-O-β-glucosid, kaempferol 3,7, 4′-tri-O-β-glucoside, kaempferol 3,7, 4′-tri-O-β-glucoside, and quercetin 3,7,4′-tri-O-β-glucoside	[91]

¹ More abundant out of a total of 225 identified compounds.