Table 1.

Representation of all sections with article outcomes.

	Origin	Characteristics	Isolation Techniques	Signaling Pathways Governing CSC Behavior	Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Targeting CSCs
Cancer Stem Cells	Cell fusion Horizontal gene transfer Dedifferentiation in cancer cells Tumor Microenvironment (TME)	Autophagy Self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor recurrence Induction of angiogenesis CSCs promote metastasis Radiation and chemoresistance	Isolation with surface markers Side population assay Label-retaining methods Tumorigenicity Aldehyde dehydrogenase assay Spheroid formation assay Stemness gene expression and transcriptional factors	Wnt signaling pathway in CSCs Hedgehog (Hh) signaling Notch signaling	Targeting CSC surface markers Inducing CSC differentiation Targeting metabolism in CSCs Targeting the tumor microenvironment Target exosomes of CSCs Targeting CSCs’ quiescence Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) for targeting CSCs