Table 2.
Comparison of baseline characteristics across groups.
| Variables | GROUP A (n = 399) |
GROUP B (n = 52) |
GROUP C (n = 54) |
p* | p - | p ; |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) | 219/180 | 36/16 | 33/21 | 0.121 | 0.054 | 0.420 |
| Fatal outcome | 47 (11.8) | 5 (9.6) | 7 (13.0) | 0.880 | 0.819 | 0.761 |
| Liver disease | 46 (11.5) | 52 (100) | 54 (100) | <0.001 | <0.001 | - |
| Stage of cirrhosis Compensated Decompensated ACLF |
- |
4 (7.7) 42 (80.8) 6 (11.5) |
14 (25.9) 32 (59.3) 8 (14.8) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | 0.130 |
| Cirrhosis etiology Alcohol PBC PSC AIH HBV HCV Cryptogen NASH Budd-Chiari Wilson’s disease Haemochromatosis Cystic fibrosis |
3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) 5 (1.3) 0 (0) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 0 (0) |
27 (51.9) 2 (3.8) 6 (11.5) 5 (9.6) 2 (3.8) 8 (15.4) 3 (5.8) 0 (0) 1 (1.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
22 (40.7) 0 (0) 5 (9.3) 3 (5.6) 4 (7.4) 10 (18.6) 8 (14.8) 1 (1.9) 0 (0) 1 (1.9) 1 (1.9) 1 (1.9) |
<0.001 <0.05 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.05 0.103 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 |
<0.001 <0.05 <0.001 <0.001 <0.05 <0.001 <0.05 0.692 0.115 0.885 0.885 - |
0.330 0.238 0.759 0.484 0.679 0.797 0.202 0.509 0.491 0.509 0.509 0.509 |
| Ascites grades Mild Moderate Severe |
0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
2 (3.8) 15 (28.8) 35 (67.4) |
13 (24) 9 (16.7) 32 (59.3) |
<0.001
|
<0.001 | 0.143 |
| Encephalopathy stages 1-2 3 4 |
398 (99.7) 1 (0.3) 0 (0) |
25 (48.0) 18 (34.5) 9 (17.3) |
36 (66.7) 9 (16.7) 9 (16.7) |
<0.001
|
<0.001 |
<0.05
|
| Erosive oesophagitis | 93 (23.3) | 31 (59.6) | 41 (75.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.096 |
| Esophageal varices Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 |
2 (0.6) 1 (0.3) 0 (0) |
5 (9.6) 29 (55.8) 9 (17.3) |
7 (13.0) 19 (35.2) 10 (18.5) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | 0.131 |
| Hypertension | 239 (59.9) | 29 (55.8) | 32 (59.3) | 0.882 | 0.653 | 0.844 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 172 (43.1) | 22 (42.3) | 29 (53.7) | 0.337 | 0.518 | 0.251 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 133 (33.3) | 20 (38.5) | 20 (37.0) | 0.700 | 0.534 | 0.519 |
| Renal disease | 60 (15.0) | 6 (11.5) | 8 (14.8) | 0.810 | 0.544 | 0.776 |
| Cancer HCC CRC Pancreas Klatskin |
29 (7.3) 18 (4.5) 5 (1.3) 3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) |
9 (17.3) 6 (11.5) 2 (3.8) 0 (0) 1 (1.9) |
9 (16.7) 9 (16.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
<0.05
|
<0.05
|
0.795 |
| Smoking | 202 (50.6) | 25 (48.0) | 17 (31.5) | <0.05 | 0.769 | 0.112 |
| COVID-19 Treatment Remdesivir Steroid use Convalescent Plasma |
44 (11) 287 (71.9) 68 (17.0) |
3 (5.8) 37 (71.2) 14 (26.9) |
0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
<0.05 <0.001 <0.001 |
0.336 0.511 0.088 |
0.115 <0.001 <0.001 |
| Oxygen supply | 147 (41) | 21 (40.4) | 3 (5.6) | <0.001 | 0.649 | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 159 (39.8) | 24 (46.2) | 6 (11.1) | <0.001 | 0.453 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 vaccination | 357 (89.5) | 47 (90.4) | 49 (90.7) | 0.966 | 0.535 | 0.605 |
| COVID-19 vaccines mRNA viral vector inactivated |
272 (68.2) 55 (13.8) 30 (7.5) |
39 (75.0) 6 (11.5) 2 (3.8) |
41 (75.9) 4 (7.4) 4 (7.4) |
0.545 | 0.818 | 0.171 |
Categorical variables are presented as frequency (percentage). Bold text highlights the statistically significant values. GROUP A: 399 COVID-19 patients without cirrhosis. GROUP B: 52 COVID-19 patients with cirrhosis. GROUP C: 54 patients with cirrhosis without COVID-19 infection. p*: Kruskal–Wallis, chi-square and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as appropriate. p- < 0.05 statistically significant between GROUP A and GROUP B. p; < 0.05 statistically significant between GROUP B and GROUP C. Abbreviations: ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; PBC, Primary Biliary Cholangitis; PSC, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis; AIH, Autoimmune Hepatitis; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; HCV, Hepatitis C Virus; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC, hepatocellular cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; mRNA, messenger RNA.