FTIR	Fourier transform infrared
UV-Vis	Ultraviolet-Visible
PL	Photoluminescence
NMR	Nuclear magnetic resonance
TL	Thermal lens
MMDB	Mode-mismatched dual-beam
SAE	Society of Automotive Engineers
DSO	Digital storage oscilloscope
He-Cd	Helium–Cadmium
He-Ne	Helium–Neon
CIE	International Commission on Illumination
List of symbols
°C	Degree Celsius
h	Hour
cc	Cubic capacity
km	Kilometre
cm	Centimetre
mm	Millimetre
nm	Nanometre
mW	Milliwatt
λe	Pump beam wavelength (nm)
λp	Probe beam wavelength (nm)
Hz	Hertz (s−1)
${\mathsf{\omega }}_{\mathrm{e}}$	Pump beam radius at the sample (µm)
${\mathsf{\omega }}_{1\mathrm{p}}$	Probe beam radius at the sample(µm)
${\mathsf{\omega }}_{0\mathrm{p}}$	Probe beam radius at beam waist (µm)
${\mathsf{\omega }}_0$	Excitation beam waist radius (µm)
I0	Intensity of probe beam at time = 0
I(t)	Intensity of probe beam at time = t
$\mathsf{\theta }$	Probe beam phase shift
tc	Characteristic time constant
K	Thermal conductivity (W·m−1 K−1)
D	Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1)
n	Refractive index
ΔT	Change in temperature
$\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{\mathrm{dT}}$	Refractive index gradient
Pth	Absorbed photothermal energy (J)
A	Absorption coefficient of the sample (m−1)
l	Path length of the cuvette (mm)
m	Degree of mode mismatching
f	Focal length of the convex lens (cm)
d	Laser beam diameter (mm)
$∆{\varnothing }_0$	On-axis phase shift
n2	Nonlinear refractive index (m2·W−1)
${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$	Effective length of the sample
α	Linear absorption coefficient (cm−1)
µL	Microlitre