Table 2.
Gene knockout mice related to the DNA damage pathway.
| Genes | Type of Mouse Models | Protein Functions | Oocyte Phenotypes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chk1 (Chek1) | Conditional aneuploid mutant with 3 copies of Chk1 | Kinase | Increase in primordial, primary and antral follicles in 1.5 months old mice as well as primordial and antral follicles in aged mice | [69] |
| Chk2 (Chek2) | Oocyte-specific KO | Kinase | No difference in 1.5 month old mice and increase in primordial, primary, secondary and antral follicles in aged mice | [69] |
| Global KO | Rescued the infertility of Trip13Gt/Gt (DNA repair deficient) and irradiated females | [68] | ||
| Atm | Global KO | Kinase | Infertile and decrease in oocyte reserve in adult females | [70,71] |
| Atr (Kiaa4069) | Global KO | Kinase | Embryonic lethality due to DNA fragmentation between blastocyst stage and 7.5 d.p.c | [72] |
| Trp53 (Tp53, P53) | Global KO | Transcription factor | Partially rescued the Trip13Gt/Gt (DNA repair deficient) oocytes | [68] |
| Trp63 (Tp63, P63) | Oocyte-specific KO | Transcription factor | Rescued from cisplatin-induced cell death of primordial follicles in ovary (PND 5) after 4 days of culture | [73] |
| Global KO | Rescued from irradiation-induced cell death of primordial follicles in ovary (18.5 d.p.c) | [74] | ||
| TAp63 | Global KO | Transcription factor | Primordial follicles protected from irradiation induced apoptosis at PND 5 in TAp63 KO | [66] |
| TAp73 | Global KO | Transcription factor | Decrease in oocyte reserve and infertility | [75] |
| Trp73 | Global KO | Transcription factor | Infertile but no abnormality in oocytes | [76] |
| Oocyte-specific KO | Transcription factor | Partially rescued from cisplatin-induced cell death of primordial follicles in ovary (PND 5), but not from X-ray induced apoptosis | [77] | |
| Mdm2 | Oocyte-specific KO | Ubiquitin E3 Ligase | Infertile and decrease in healthy secondary and tertiary follicles and increase in atretic primary, secondary follicle population at 5–6 weeks of age. Fertility was restored in Mdm2/p53 DKO | [57] |
| Huwe1 (Kiaa0312, Ureb1) | Oocyte-specific KO | Ubiquitin E3 Ligase | Infertile and less follicles present at 4 weeks of age. Fertility was not restored in Huwe1/p53 DKO | [59] |
DKO = double knockout; PND = postnatal day; d.p.c. = days post coitum.