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. 2022 Dec 30;14(1):112. doi: 10.3390/mi14010112

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Different kinds of in vitro static systems employed for the study of ultrasound mediated opening of the BBB. (A) Ultrasound-driven microbubbles stimulate ECs in the Transwell model [120]. (B) Ultrasound stimulates HUVEC in the monolayer culture model [122].