Table 3.
Clinical outcomes of the Robotic Group (RG) and Control Group (CG) at baseline (T0) and final (T1) assessments. Changes (Δ = T1–T0) in functional outcomes and the corresponding one-way ANOVA values are depicted.
| Variable | Group | T0 | T1 | Δ | One-Way ANOVA p-Value (F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 MWT (m/s) * | CG (n = 28) | 0.43 ± 0.46 | 0.57 ± 0.55 | 0.15 ± 0.26 |
<0.0001
(F = 17) |
| RG (n = 61) | 0.43 ± 0.37 | 0.72 ± 0.44 | 0.30 ± 0.05 | ||
| MI-LL [0; 100] | CG (n = 28) | 43 [1; 84] | 76 [1; 100] | 33 [27; 42] |
0.03
(F = 4.87) |
| RG (n = 61) | 45 [10; 80] | 83 [38.5; 97] | 38 [15; 50] | ||
| MAS-LL [0; 12] | CG (n = 28) | 0.5 [0; 5.5] | 0 [0; 4.5] | −0.5 [0.25; 2.6] | 0.7 |
| RG (n = 61) | 1.8 [0; 5.5] | 1 [0; 3] | −0.8 [0; −1.5] | ||
| 6 MWT (m) | CG (n = 28) | 122 ± 156 | 172 ± 163 | 49 ± 26 |
<0.0001
(F = 112) |
| RG (n = 61) | 102 ± 89 | 194 ± 110 | 92 ± 13 | ||
| TUG (s) | CG (n = 28) | 23 ± 15.9 | 16.2 ± 7.9 | −6.7 ± 1.5 |
<0.0001
(F = 109) |
| RG (n = 61) | 22.8 ± 14.2 | 10.2 ± 5.2 | −12.6 ± 4.81 | ||
| FAC [0; 5] | CG (n = 28) | 2 [0; 5] | 3 [0; 5] | 1.0 [0; 4] | 0.9 |
| RG (n = 61) | 1.5 [0; 4.5] | 3.5 [1; 6] | 2 [1; 3] | ||
| mBI [0; 100] | CG (n = 28) | 43 [7; 91] | 84 [20; 100] | 41 [9; 13] |
<0.0001
(F = 22.6) |
| RG (n = 61) | 47 [11.5; 79.5] | 89 [40; 95] | 42 [25; 52] | ||
| WHS [1; 6] | CG (n = 28) | n.a. | 3 [1.5; 4.5] | n.a. | n.a. |
| RG (n = 61) | n.a. | 4 [3; 5] | n.a. |
Abbreviations: Number (n); Robotic Group (RG); Control Group (CG); 10-Meter Walk Test (10 MWT); 6-Minute Walk Test (6 MWT); Motricity Index of Lower Limb (MI-LL); Time Up and Go Test (TUG); Modified Ashworth Scale of Lower Limb (MAS-LL); Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC); Modified Barthel Index (mBI); Walking Handicap Scale (WHS). T0: baseline assessment; T1: final assessment; Δ = T1–T0. Notes: Significant p-values are reported in bold; data are reported as N (%), mean ± SD, median [MIN; MAX], and * indicates primary outcome.