Table 4.

Nanotechnology-based advances in smart materials and soft electronics.

Device/ Intervention	Nanomaterials Used	Applications	Ref.
Electrical bio-adhesive interface	Graphene nanocomposite	Rapid integration with wet tissues, unimpeded bidirectional communication at the device-tissue interface	[110]
Mouldable conductive nanocomposite	Silver nanowire networks with a stacked polymer structure	Integration with wearable epidermal electronics improves flexibility, breathability, and electromechanical stability	[111]
Gas permeable On skin electronics	Porous graphene and silicone elastomer sponges	Accelerates perspiration evaporation, minimizes the risk of inflammation, and contributes to user comfort	[112]
Bioresorbable electronic stent	Gold nanorod-silica nanoparticles incorporated with drug encapsulated nanoparticles	Effective flow and temperature monitoring	[113]
Implantable sensors for long-term monitoring of body fluids	Photostable gold nanoparticle-based nano platforms	Disease progression monitoring and therapeutic efficacy via biomarker concentrations	[114]
Self-powered metamaterial spinal fusion cage implants	Triboelectric auxetic microstructures	Condition monitoring for bone healing progress	[115]
Lab-on-a-patch non-invasive sweat biosensor	A microfluidics-integrated 3D nanostructured gold electrode	Immuno-detection of cortisol present in sweat	[71]
Electrical bio-adhesive interface	Graphene nanocomposite	Rapid integration with wet tissues, unimpeded bidirectional communication at the device-tissue interface	[110]