Table 5.

Key issues with wearable healthcare devices.

Areas	Issues	Recommendations
Data acquisition	Data quality Sensor variance Data collection method without contextual, pre-morbidity information	Standardisation of sensors, data collection methods, and customisation as per individual user-profiles.
Balanced estimation	Over and under estimation	Interoperability
Health equality	Everyone cannot afford to wear and use the technology. Most of these require internet-based operations. Therefore, many people are outliers from these benefits.	Increasing accessibility to the device and the data for inclusive benefit.
Representability	A few users compared to a large population use same wearable sensor devices. Therefore, the data cannot be representative of the entire population.	Standardisation of parts and components, method, process, manufacturing, and data analytics can bring in more parity.
Battery issues	Long-lasting batteries, easy to recharge and replace batteries	Upgrading battery technology with features like wireless charging with size-compatible batteries in devices
Complexity of Use	Complex hardware, software, and user interface of device can make the device less user-compatible	Elevating the user interface with minimum customization settings
Excessive air traffic	Results in blocking airwaves and thus loss of data	Exceeded bandwidth
Media Device Fatigue	Feels like a burden carrying several devices though they serve multiple purposes	Development of ergonomic and user-friendly device designs
Fractured Proprietary Development	Limited use cases of developed devices	Develop device that serves multiple purposes and can be beneficial for several different types for patients
Data Transmission	Invasion of privacy and data theft or data leak issues	Ensure the reliability and trustworthiness of data and access to contextual data. Setting compliance standards
Potential Health Problems	Internal working mechanism of devices shouldn’t cause health problems to users e.g., radiation, etc.	Appropriate scientific research and device quality assurance reports
Device Safety Issues	Inappropriate functioning in wearables	Ensure the device safety abiding safety regulations provided by the standardised organizations
Mobile Apps	Use of only mobile apps can limit the data accuracy and sensitivity	Mobile apps complementing user experience and overall working wearables can be preferred
User Distrust	User data privacy issue	Good company data management
Slow Vendor Progress	Either outdated or superfluous modalities could slower the vendor progress	Up-to-date device models according to the user requirements
Negative User Experience	Can lead to bad marketing of the products	Balanced set of features