Table 1.
Baseline socio-demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 68).
| Characteristics | Participants, No. (%) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 68) | MM (n = 33) | SRTE (n = 35) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 64.5 (8.4) | 62.7 (7.7) | 66.1 (8.9) | 0.094 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 29 (42.6) | 10 (30.3) | 19 (54.3) | 0.046* |
| Female | 39 (57.4) | 23 (69.7) | 16 (45.7) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single, separated, divorced, or widowed | 17 (25%) | 11 (33.3) | 6 (17.1) | 0.123 |
| Married | 51 (75%) | 22 (66.7) | 29 (82.9) | |
| BMI | 22.8 (4.1) | 35.2 (23.6) | 30.9 (21.9) | 0.089 |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate/Primary | 14 (20.6) | 7 (21.2) | 7 (20) | 0.902 |
| Secondary or above | 54 (79.4) | 26 (78.9) | 28 (80) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 10 (14.7) | 4 (12.1) | 6 (17.1) | 0.767 |
| Catholicity | 6 (8.8) | 4 (12.1) | 2 (5.7) | |
| Buddhism | 9 (13.2) | 4 (12.1) | 5 (14.3) | |
| No religion | 43 (63.2) | 21 (63.6) | 22 (62.9) | |
| Living status | ||||
| Alone | 10 (14.7) | 5 (15.2) | 5 (14.3) | 0.920 |
| With spouse, family, or friends | 58 (85.3) | 28 (84.8) | 30 (85.7) | |
| Social security allowance | 36 (52.9) | 21 (63.6) | 15 (42.9) | 0.219 |
| Disease staging | ||||
| Mild PD, H&Y stage I or II | 27 (39.7) | 17 (51.5) | 10 (28.6) | 0.053 |
| Moderate PD, H&Y stage III | 41 (60.3) | 16 (48.5) | 25 (71.4) | |
| Levodopa equivalent dose, mean (SD) | 638.8 (593.4) | 766.4 (607.2) | 518.5 (562.3) | 0.085 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥1 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1.0 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.515 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2 (2.9) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.739 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 0.485 |
| Mild liver disease | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.515 |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 3 (4.4) | 2 (6.1) | 1 (2.9) | 0.478 |
| Tumor without metastases | 2 (2.9) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.739 |
| Schwab and England Scale | 8.8 (1.9) | 8.8 (2.0) | 8.9 (1.8) | 0.965 |
Categorical and continuous variables were compared between the two groups using chi-square test, fisher’s exact test, and Independent t-test, respectively. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), or n (%).
Comorbid conditions were assessed using Charlson Comorbidity Index.
H&Y stage Hoehn and Yahr stage, MM mindfulness meditation, SRTE stretching and resistance training exercise.