Table 1.

Enablers of innovative technology integration

Enablers	Theoretical Perspective
Structure for absorption and diffusion of new technologies (C1)	The structure of a system is made up of resources and capabilities (Christensen 2000), allowing it to generate new ideas, develop new products and processes, and develop new marketing and market disruption capabilities (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002). The structural capability enables a system to reallocate its resources to absorb newer or innovative capabilities to seize opportunities for competitive advantage (Teece 2007)
Leadership for innovation and new technologies (C2)	Active participation by leadership enhances the chances of successful integration of new technologies and innovative pursuits (Gambatese and Hallowell 2011; Cooper 2005). Their approval and acceptance of different settings for innovation projects and creating a learning and development climate in the organization facilitate knowledge and technology transfer. Active leadership participation with managers and subordinates supports financial and operational decisions for internal and external networking for technological integrations (e.g., cross-boundary, teamwork, or customer relationships) (Cooper 2005; Johnstone et al. 2011). The role of leadership is not limited to decision-making and implementation; rather, a progressive leadership approach enables knowledge acquisition, assimilation, and dissipation for technological innovations (Chen et al. 2012)
Economic potential of technology (C3)	Innovative technologies' economic potential is considered a ratio of investment and outcomes. Organizations spend time, knowledge, and financial and human resources on technologies and integration. The organization adds value in enhanced operations and functional capability (Nanda and Singh 2009)
Stakeholders in the technology ecosystem' (C4)	Stakeholders expect innovative technologies to optimize work and provide fast and reliable services with more transparency and flexibility (Ali et al. 2022) using advanced information and communication systems
Facilitate knowledge transfer (C5)	Smart technologies and devices connect multiple ports connecting systems located in different locations. Virtual classrooms, training platforms, and workshops have become new norms of e-learning. Digital knowledge facilitates learning through e-portals and encourages employees to innovate, adapt, and evolve (Bakir 2016). Knowledge thus acquired improves organizations' absorptive and innovative capabilities to reap maximum benefits (Chang et al. 2013)
Competitive benefits (C6)	Technology imparts digital flair to existing infrastructure, converts it into an intelligent urban system, and facilitates the renewal of established businesses. Integration of innovative technologies opens unexplored avenues which can provide extra edge and competitive benefits to the businesses (Zahra et al. 2018)
Legislative framework to facilitate (C7)	Integration of innovative technologies in specific resource conservation-oriented regions and following environmental obligations would require different legal frameworks and policies. Technologies, which are a high-risk category, vulnerable to theft, high investment intensive, and easily damaged, would require better policies and legal frameworks to facilitate their absorption (Ebersberger et al. 2011). Innovative technologies with patent and copyright issues also need specific legal frameworks which can protect the right of the original creator of the technology and users of the technology
Cost modelling to facilitate innovation (C8)	Customers prefer product models in which technological innovations deliver better functions with minimum cost. A low-end disruptive innovation caters to the demand of customers who prefer cost over quality (Christensen 2000)
Value offering (C9)	Integration of Innovative technologies binds urban infrastructure with digital networks. It provides sufficient data to improve the working efficiencies of routine and critical operations, thereby unburdening a load of human machinery (Cohen et al. 2016). E-working patterns digital patterns improve the quality of work in urban administration, education, hospitality, health care, culture and heritage, transport, industrial operations, resource management, etc.