Table 1.

MR estimates of the effect of SGLT2 inhibition and choline metabolites on T2D and CAD

Exposure/mediator	Outcome	Method	OR (95% CI)	P	Q statistic*	P h	Egger intercept	P intercept
SGLT2 inhibition	T2D	IVW	0.25 (0.12, 0.54)	0.0004	3.250	0.661
		MR-Egger	0.62 (0.04, 9.63)	0.732	2.530	0.639	0.012	0.500
		MR-PRESSO	0.22 (0.12, 0.39)	0.003	4.959	0.698
	CAD	IVW	0.51 (0.28, 0.94)	0.031	3.487	0.625
		MR-Egger	0.19 (0.02, 2.18)	0.181	2.049	0.727	−0.014	0.391
		MR-PRESSO	0.51 (0.38, 0.68)	0.006	1.904	0.923
Total choline	T2D	IVW	0.78 (0.68, 0.89)	0.0006	259.773	9.41 × 10−30
		MR-Egger	0.91 (0.70, 1.18)	0.498	249.715	2.44 × 10−28	−0.010	0.162
		Weighted median	0.88 (0.79, 0.98)	0.021
		Simple mode	0.81 (0.65, 1.01)	0.066
		Weighted mode	0.91 (0.83, 1.00)	0.058
		MR-PRESSO	0.82 (0.74, 0.90)	0.0003	286.130	<0.0001
	CAD	IVW	1.12 (0.95, 1.31)	0.212	642.922	1.40 × 10−99
		MR-Egger	0.95 (0.70, 1.30)	0.769	628.440	3.10 × 10−97	0.010	0.257
		Weighted median	1.12 (1.02, 1.23)	0.018
		Simple mode	1.10 (0.90, 1.35)	0.365
		Weighted mode	1.08 (0.98, 1.19)	0.114
		MR-PRESSO	1.10 (1.01, 1.20)	0.311	661.626	<0.0001
Phosphatidylcholine	T2D	IVW	0.81 (0.72, 0.91)	0.0009	233.996	1.37 × 10−24
		MR-Egger	0.90 (0.73, 1.12)	0.357	227.538	8.07 × 10−24	−0.008	0.230
		Weighted median	0.89 (0.81, 0.99)	0.026
		Simple mode	0.88 (0.72, 1.06)	0.177
		Weighted mode	0.91 (0.83, 0.99)	0.028
		MR-PRESSO	0.84 (0.77, 0.93)	0.001	246.155	<0.0001
	CAD	IVW	1.08 (0.94, 1.24)	0.270	491.466	6.84 × 10−71
		MR-Egger	0.98 (0.77, 1.25)	0.870	483.221	8.98 × 10−70	0.007	0.337
		Weighted median	1.10 (1.01, 1.20)	0.036
		Simple mode	1.11 (0.91, 1.36)	0.317
		Weighted mode	1.09 (1.00, 1.19)	0.049
		MR-PRESSO	1.10 (1.02, 1.18)	0.020	506.247	<0.0001
Glycine	T2D	IVW	0.93 (0.86, 1.01)	0.137	245.898	1.23 × 10−30
		MR-Egger	1.00 (0.91, 1.10)	0.988	211.364	8.42 × 10−25	−0.013	0.013
		Weighted median	0.96 (0.93, 1.00)	0.067
		Simple mode	0.80 (0.63, 1.02)	0.073
		Weighted mode	0.96 (0.92, 1.00)	0.072
		MR-PRESSO	0.85 (0.75, 0.97)	0.023	348.477	<0.0001
	CAD	IVW	0.94 (0.91, 0.98)	0.008	100.528	1.05 × 10−6
		MR-Egger	0.97 (0.93, 1.03)	0.326	85.529	5.65 × 10−5	−0.007	0.011
		Weighted median	0.96 (0.93, 0.99)	0.013
		Simple mode	0.90 (0.79, 1.03)	0.151
		Weighted mode	0.95 (0.92, 0.99)	0.008
		MR-PRESSO	0.88 (0.81, 0.96)	0.006	226.771	0.015

OR, 95% CI, and P values were for the respective MR analysis. P_h, P value for heterogeneity; P_intercept, P value for intercept of MR-Egger regression.

^*Heterogeneity test in the IVW methods was through use of Cochran Q statistic and for the MR-PRESSO method the global test.