Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by sex in the Ontario and U.K. cohorts
| Variable | Women | Men | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ontario (N = 156,572) | U.K. (N = 24,664) | Ontario (N = 191,455) | U.K. (N = 29,819) | |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 57.9 ± 13.6 | 63.9 ± 13.2 | 57.2 ± 12.7 | 61.5 ± 12.2 |
| Age, median (IQR), years | 58 (49–67) | 64 (54–74) | 57 (49–66) | 61 (52–70) |
| Rural residence | 14,451 (9.2) | NA | 19,810 (10.3) | NA |
| Income quintile* | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 36,711 (23.4) | 4,938 (20.0) | 39,398 (20.6) | 5,387 (18.1) |
| 2 | 35,265 (22.5) | 5,142 (20.9) | 40,332 (21.1) | 5,871 (19.7) |
| 3 | 32,419 (20.7) | 5,168 (21.0) | 40,118 (21.0) | 6,306 (21.2) |
| 4 | 28,860 (18.4) | 4,856 (19.7) | 38,211 (20.0) | 6,281 (21.1) |
| 5 (highest) | 23,317 (14.9) | 4,560 (18.5) | 33,396 (17.4) | 5,974 (20.0) |
| Formally rostered to FP | 135,489 (86.5) | NA | 160,315 (83.7) | NA |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 89,272 (57.0) | 13,750 (55.8) | 103,906 (54.3) | 14,729 (49.4) |
| Hypertension duration, mean ± SD, years | 10.8 ± 6.7 | 10.4 ± 8.4 | 10.1 ± 6.7 | 9.0 ± 7.7 |
| Hypertension duration, median (IQR), years | 10 (5–16) | 9 (4–15) | 9 (4–15) | 7 (3–13) |
| Hypertension duration, years | ||||
| No hypertension | 67,300 (43.0) | 10,914 (44.3) | 87,549 (45.7) | 15,090 (50.6) |
| <10 | 43,620 (27.9) | 7,740 (31.4) | 55,566 (29.0) | 9,368 (31.4) |
| 10–20 | 35,878 (22.9) | 4,349 (17.6) | 38,296 (20.0) | 3,996 (13.4) |
| ≥20 | 9,774 (6.2) | 1,661 (6.7) | 10,044 (5.2) | 1,365 (4.6) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 4,393 (2.8) | 4,379 (17.8) | 12,004 (6.3) | 6,755 (22.7) |
| Recent MI | 1,808 (1.2) | 31 (0.1) | 5,616 (2.9) | 55 (0.2) |
| Valvular heart disease | 440 (0.3) | 16 (0.1) | 811 (0.4) | 17 (0.1) |
| AF | 1,520 (1.0) | 1,264 (5.1) | 2,745 (1.4) | 1,682 (5.6) |
| Previous CABG | 445 (0.3) | 223 (0.9) | 2,236 (1.2) | 897 (3.0) |
| Previous PCI | 1,698 (1.1) | 342 (1.4) | 5,536 (2.9) | 1,015 (3.4) |
| History of cardiac testing** | 35,576 (22.7) | 2,211 (9.0) | 51,875 (27.1) | 3,692 (12.4) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1,681 (1.1) | 1,404 (5.7) | 2,602 (1.4) | 1,845 (6.2) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 700 (0.4) | 483 (2.0) | 1,479 (0.8) | 926 (3.1) |
| COPD/asthma | 40,207 (25.7) | 5,215 (21.1) | 39,654 (20.7) | 4,635 (15.5) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 537 (0.3) | 459 (1.9) | 605 (0.3) | 399 (1.3) |
| GFR, mean ± SD, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.9 ± 20.2 | 73.8 ± 19.9 | 89.4 ± 18.9 | 79.6 ± 19.4 |
| GFR, median (IQR), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 91 (76–103) | 73 (60–86) | 92 (78–102) | 78 (67–92) |
| HbA1c, mean ± SD, % (mmol/mol) | 7.5 ± 1.9 (58 ± 20.8) | 7.7 ± 1.9 (61 ± 20.8) | 8.0 ± 2.2 (64 ± 24.0) | 8.0 ± 2.1 (64 ± 23.0) |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), % (mmol/mol) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (7–8) | 7 (7–9) | 7 (7–9) |
| Hemoglobin, mean ± SD, g/dL | 135.2 ± 12.1 | 136.3 ± 13.0 | 147.1 ± 12.7 | 149.2 ± 13.4 |
| Hemoglobin, median (IQR), g/dL | 136 (128–143) | 137 (129–145) | 148 (140–155) | 150 (142–158) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 311 (0.2) | 1,179 (4.8) | 440 (0.2) | 1,013 (3.4) |
| Hypothyroidism | 1,192 (0.8) | 3,356 (13.6) | 416 (0.2) | 997 (3.3) |
| Liver disease | 730 (0.5) | 289 (1.2) | 1,387 (0.7) | 421 (1.4) |
| Alcohol abuse (heavy drinker) | 365 (0.2) | 1,051 (4.3) | 1,485 (0.8) | 3,491 (11.7) |
| Dementia | 1,619 (1.0) | 292 (1.2) | 1,550 (0.8) | 198 (0.7) |
| Depression | 1,203 (0.8) | 8,264 (33.5) | 838 (0.4) | 5,593 (18.8) |
| Psychosis | 280 (0.2) | 447 (1.8) | 276 (0.1) | 451 (1.5) |
| Primary cancer | 5,516 (3.5) | 3,107 (12.6) | 5,924 (3.1) | 3,198 (10.7) |
| Metastatic cancer | 1,110 (0.7) | 70 (0.3) | 778 (0.4) | 81 (0.3) |
| Paraplegia/hemiplegia | 256 (0.2) | 63 (0.3) | 409 (0.2) | 83 (0.3) |
Data are N (%) unless otherwise indicated.
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; FP, family physician; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not applicable; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
*
IMD quintiles are recorded for the U.K. cohort.
**
Cardiac testing includes invasive or computed tomography angiography, nuclear medicine test, cardiac positron emission test, or cardiac stress test (persantine, dobutamine, electrocardiogram, or stress echocardiography).