Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study patients.
| Variable | Total N = 138,484 |
Periodontitis (−) N = 129,043 (93.18%) |
Periodontitis (+) N = 9441 (6.82%) |
p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 82,196 (59.35) | 75,916 (58.83) | 6280 (66.52) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 52.23 ± 8.95 | 52.17 ± 8.97 | 52.93 ± 8.60 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 85,364 (61.64) | 80,054 (62.04) | 5310 (56.24) | |
| Former smoker | 20,118 (14.53) | 18,455 (14.30) | 1663 (17.61) | |
| Current smoker | 33,002 (23.83) | 30,534 (23.66) | 2468 (26.14) | |
| Alcohol consumption, frequency per week | <0.001 | |||
| <1 time | 70,605 (50.98) | 65,997 (51.14) | 4608 (48.81) | |
| 1–2 times | 52,993 (38.27) | 49,232 (38.15) | 3761 (39.84) | |
| 3–4 times | 9804 (7.08) | 9065 (7.02) | 739 (7.83) | |
| ≥5 times | 5082 (3.67) | 4749 (3.68) | 333 (3.53) | |
| Physical activity, days per week | <0.001 | |||
| <1 day | 72,040 (52.02) | 67,581 (52.37) | 4459 (47.23) | |
| 1–4 days | 53,079 (38.33) | 49,124 (38.07) | 3955 (41.89) | |
| ≥5 days | 13,365 (9.65) | 12,338 (9.56) | 1027 (10.88) | |
| Household income | <0.001 | |||
| Q1, lowest | 35,645 (25.74) | 33,678 (26.10) | 1967 (20.83) | |
| Q2, | 31,595 (22.81) | 29,585 (22.93) | 2010 (21.29) | |
| Q3, | 40,870 (29.51) | 37,956 (29.41) | 2917 (30.87) | |
| Q4, highest | 30,374 (21.93) | 27,824 (21.56) | 2550 (27.01) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.92 ± 2.89 | 23.91 ± 2.90 | 24.05 ± 2.81 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.13 ± 0.94 | 5.13 ± 0.94 | 5.16 ± 0.94 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 61,017 (44.06) | 56,758 (43.98) | 4259 (45.11) | 0.033 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 15,664 (11.31) | 14,297 (11.08) | 1367 (14.48) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 743 (0.54) | 690 (0.53) | 53 (0.56) | 0.732 |
| Oral hygiene markers | ||||
| Tooth loss | 33,222 (23.99) | 30,471 (23.61) | 2751 (29.14) | <0.001 |
| Dental caries | 26,652 (19.25) | 25,427 (19.70) | 1225 (12.98) | <0.001 |
| Frequency of daily tooth brushing | <0.001 | |||
| 0–1 time | 21,459 (15.50) | 20,150 (15.61) | 1309 (13.87) | |
| ≥2 times | 117,025 (84.50) | 108,893 (84.93) | 8132 (86.13) |
Data are represented as number of participants (%) or mean ± standard deviation. Q: quartile. * p-value is derived from an independent t-test or Chi-square test between participant groups with/without periodontitis.