Table 1.

Major probiotics that help leaky gut.

Probiotic	Major Intestinal Epithelial Regulation	Major Potential Health Benefits
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Increased claudin-3 in timed-pregnant mice [81]. Preserves zonula occludens-1 and myosin light-chain kinase in vivo [85]. Inhibits LPS or TNF-α in CaCo2 cells [86]. Downregulation of (TNF)α and (IFN)γ, enhanced transcription of IL-10 in mice [87].	Improves gastrointestinal disorders/irritable bowel syndrome in children [88] and adults with supplementation of a low-FODMAP diet [89]. Improves diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children [90,91]. Improves colitis in mice [87].
Lactobacillus acidophilus	Increased occludin in rats [92]. Reduces colonic polyps and systemic inflammation and increases anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells in mice [93].	Improves acute diarrhea in children [94] and chronic diarrhea in adults [95].
Lactobacillus plantarum	Increased occludin and ZO-1 in Caco2 cells [96]. Increase in IL-8 mRNA in epithelial cells and downregulation of IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells [97]. IL10 production modulation in mononuclear cells stimulation and murine model of colitis [98].	Reduction in symptoms IBS in adults [99]. Improves lipid metabolism and lowers weight in rats [100].
Bifidobacterim infantis	Preserves apical distribution of claudin-4 and occluding in baby mice (pups) [101]. Induces Foxp3- and IL-10-secreting T cells in human peripheral blood [102]. Reduces inflammation in Cronobacter sakazakii-induced intestinal inflammation in newborn mice and inhibits interleukin (IL)-1β-induced IL-6 induction in immature enterocytes via regulation of TLR-4 signaling [103]. Secretes indole-3-lactic acid that inhibits IL-1β-stimulated IL-8 production in immature enterocytes [104].	With B. longum and B. breve, it improves the antigen uptake in pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) [105]. Improves mental health in victims with irritable bowel syndrome developed after a major flood disaster [106]. Promotes weight gain in infants with severe acute malnutrition [107].
E. coli Nissle 1917	Increased ZO-2 mRNA and protein expression and apical redistribution and increased ZO-1 mRNA and protein expression in Intestinal epithelial cell line T84 and Caco-2 cells [108]. Upregulation of ZO-1, ZO-2 and claudin-14 in T-84 and Caco-2 polarized monolayers [109].	Maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis patients (adults) [110]. Ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice [111].
Bifidobacterium animalis lactis BB-12	Reduces LPS, D-lactic acid, diamine oxidase, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of aquaporin and tight junction proteins, and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in adult mice [112].	Improves antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults [113]. Bowel function improvement in adutls [114].