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. 2023 Jan 7;28(2):619. doi: 10.3390/molecules28020619

Table 2.

Major polyphenols that help leaky gut.

Polyphenols Major Intestinal Epithelial Regulation Major Potential Health Benefits
Quercetin

  • Upregulation of occludin, claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-4, and claudin-7 in Caco2 cells [161].

  • Upregulation of ZO-1 and occludin in ECV304 cells [162].

  • Upregulation of claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-3, claudin-4, claudin-7, and occludin in HT-29/B6 cells [163].

  • Effective against asthma, in comparison to medications and steroid inhalers in adults [164].

  • It has a positive impact to prevent and treat the occurrence of diabetes mellitus in adult male albino rats [165].

  • In hypertensive rats, it enhances antihypertensive properties [166].

  • It can assist treating obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease [167].
Epigallocatechin gallate

  • Upregulation of IFN-γ in T84 cells [168].

  • Can assist in treating cardiovascular disease and obesity [169].

  • Effectiveness in patients with papilloma virus-infected cervical lesions [170].

  • Treating premalignant lesions in men with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia [171].
Catechin

  • Upregulation of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4 in T84 cells [160].

  • In dark tea, exhibits weight-loss properties [172].

  • Suppresses colon tumorigenesis in mice [173].

  • Tea catechins assist on influenza infection and the common cold infections [174].

  • Beneficial effects have been shown with green tea catechins in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [175].
Epicatechin

  • Upregulation of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4 in T84 cells [160].

  • Upregulation of occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-2 in CaCo2 cells [176].

  • Upregulation of IFN-γ, NOX1/NOX4, FITC, and dextran transport in mice [177].

  • Can treat obesity-associated comorbidities [177].

  • In rat hearts, ECG showed cardioprotective effects and could greatly reduce cardiac mortality [178].

  • In the brain of mice, it reduces Aβ plaques and protect neurons from injuries [179].
Berberine

  • Upregulation of claudin-1 and claudin-2 in HT29/B6 cells [163].

  • Upregulation of occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1, and IP in Caco2 cells [180].

  • Upregulation of claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-4, and claudin-5 in CaCo2 cells [181].

  • Potentially, can assist in treating prostate, uterus or endometrium, skin, glioblastoma, bone, oral, liver, gastric, pancreatic and colon cancer [182].

  • With curcumin, can treat obesity in mice [183].

  • Ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in ApoE-/-mice [184].

  • Can improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats [185].

  • In clinical trials, it improves prediabetes and diabetes mellitus in patients [186].
Resveratrol

  • Upregulation of claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-4, claudin-7, occludin, and ZO-1 in IPEC-J2 [187].

  • Upregulation of ZO-1, and occludin in Caco2 cells [188].

  • It has a neuroprotective role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease [189].

  • Alleviates ethanol-induced hormonal and metabolic disturbances in the rat [190].

  • It has anticancer activity potential In vivo and In vitro [189].

  • Antidiabetic effects in rats [191].
Curcumin

  • Upregulation of ZO-1, and claudin-1 in CaCo2 cells [192].

  • Improves weight loss in obese adutls [193].

  • Improves the memory and cognitive function of Alzheimer’s disease in mice, rats, cats and nonprimates [194].

  • Improves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle rats [195].

  • On in vitro model, it can inhibit influenza virus infection and haemagglutination activity [196].