Table 3.

Major herbs that help leaky gut.

Herbs	Major Intestinal Epithelial Regulation	Major Potential Health Benefits
Camellia sinensis (Tea plant)	Improves the intestinal barrier, alleviating dysbacteriosis (reverse 44 of 68 disordered genera), stimulated immunoreactions with significant enhancement of serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 of liver and jejunum from mice [201].	The black tea brew has gastro-protection effect in rats [202]. Antiobesity effect in high-fat diet-fed mice and obese diabetic mice [203]. Hypoglycemic effect potential in rats [204].
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle plant)	Roselle flower extract has been reported to suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice [205].	Showed a reduction in abdominal fat, serum-free fatty acids, obesity and exhibited improvement in the liver steatosis in obese adults [206]. Showed a positive effect on type II diabetic adults blood pressure [207].
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice plant)	Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA maintains the integrity of the intestinal epithelium via HuR in IEC-6 cells [208]. Studies suggest that licorice may be a mild inhibitor of P-glycoprotein in rat intestinal mucosa [209].	G. glabra L. extract can exerted an antiulcergenic effect in an HCl/ethanol-induced ulcer rats [210]. Glycyrrhizin could decrease the content of cholesterol and triglyceride in the plasma of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome-X rats [211]. Hepatoprotective efficacy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis in randomized controlled trials [212].
Althaea officinalis (Marsh mallow plant)	Althaea officinalis pretreatment significantly decreased TNF-α and IL-1β and and promotion of mucin, NO, PG-E2, and PG-I2 contents. in stomach glandular rat tissue [213].	Wound healing potential in rabbits [214]. Treats atopic eczema patients [215]. It has antitussive and pain relieving effects and is used in chronic cough, angina and bronchitis [216].
Zingiber officinale (Ginger)	Modulates nuclear factor-κB activity and interleukin-1β [217].	It has direct antimicrobial activity and thus can be used in the treatment of bacterial infections [218]. It is used in traditional medicine as therapy against several cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension [219]. It is used for the treatment of various diseases including nausea, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory disorders, atherosclerosis, migraine, depression, gastric ulcer, and cholesterol; and other benefits of ginger are reducing pain, rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [220].
Mentha piperita (Peppermint)	The expression levels of CCL2, CXCL1, IL-1β, TGF-β1 and IL-10 genes were upregulated in infected mice model with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [221].	Peppermint oil assists in treating IBS patients [222]. Peppermint oil and synbiotic lactol (Bacillus coagulans + Fructooligosaccharides) helps treat functional abdominal pain in children [223]. Peppermint extract helps treat the severity of nausea, vomiting and anorexia in patients with breast cancer [224].
Plantago lanceolate L. (Ribwort Plantain plant)	Its phenylethanoid acteoside isolate can exhibits antioxidative potential and inhibits 5-hydroxy-6, 8,11,14 eicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B. In addition, it inhibits the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressed in both macrophages and neutrophils and 5 lipoxygenase [225].	Wound healing effects in mouse model [226]. Its leaf extract has antiseptic ulcer activity in rodents [227].