Table 4.

Major mushrooms that help leaky gut.

Mushrooms	Major Intestinal Epithelial Regulation	Major Potential Health Benefits	Gut Microbiota Regulation
Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom)	Decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 in induced colitis mice [233].	The Fermented Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has hypoglycemic and antioxidative effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [234]. Improves lipid metabolism in mice [235]. Gastroprotective effect in ethanol-induced rats [236].	Its polysaccharide increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes and decreased that of Firmicutes at the phylum level [237].
Coriolus versicolor (Turkey tail)	Inhibits the expression of STAT1 and STAT6 Associated with IFN-γ and IL-4 Expression in ulcerative colitis induced mice [238].	Suppresses inflammatory bowel disease [238]. Protein-bound β-glucan from coriolus versicolor has potential for use against obesity in mice [239]. Coriolus versicolor aqueous extract ameliorates insulin resistance in Wistar rats [240].	Its polysaccharopeptides increase Akkermansia muciniphila population [229].
Pleurotus eryngii (King trumpet mushroom)	Decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL17A, IFN-γ, and KC) in induced colitis in mice [241].	Suppresses inflammatory bowel disease [241]. Improves postprandial glycaemia, hunger and fullness perception, and enhances ghrelin suppression in people with metabolically unhealthy obesity [242]. Decrease the blood glucose and cholesterol in diabetic rats [243].	Its polysaccharopeptides increase Anaerostipes and Clostridium population [244].
Ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma)	Suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and decreased the expression of COX-2, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNAs in in a mouse model of colitis [245].	It reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota [246]. Its polysacarides were reported to increase plasma insulin levels and decrease plasma sugar levels in mice [247]. It is suggested to be used for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors [248].	GL has decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios and reduced endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria levels [246].
Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom)	Its water extract alleviates intestinal inflammation by suppressing TNF-α production and its signaling [249].	Antiobesity effects through the modulation of lipid metabolism via ceramide in mice fed a high-fat diet [250]. Its polysaccharides F2 and F3 improve insulin resistance in diabetic rats [251]. Positive effects of its heteropolysaccharide on NAFLD rats [252].	Andosan may also have influenced the composition and activity of microbiota in the A/J Min/+ mice [253].
Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s mane)	It suppressed the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in induced colitis mice [254].	Possesses anticancer, immuno-modulating, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities [255]. Improves mood and sleep disorders in patients affected by overweight or obesity [256]. Possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities in diabetic rats [257].	Hericum erinaceus renders changes in the composition and activity of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota that confer nutritional and health benefits to the host [255].
Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)	Its polysaccharides suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and interferon (IFN)-γ) expression and colitis in mice [258].	Possesses immunomodulation, antioxidant, and antitumour effects [259]. β-Glucan from Lentinula edodes prevents cognitive impairments in high-fat diet-induced obese mice (involvement of colon–brain axis) [260]. Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide rejuvenates mice in terms of immune responses and gut microbiota [261].	L2 reverses the gut microbiota structure, such as the reduced Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, the increased Bacteroidia, the decreased Bacilli and Betaproteobacteria, the increased Bacteroidaceae, the decreased Lactobacillaceae, and Alcaligenaceae [262].