Table 2.

Effect of immunomodulation by selected postbiotics.

Category Probiotic Microorganism	Postbiotic Components	Research Effect	Reference
L. paracasei B21060	Cell-free supernatants	Anti-inflammatory effect	Tsilingiri et al., 2012 [110]
L. paracasei spp. paracasei 06TCa22 and L. plantarum 06CC2	Heat-killed cells	Immunomodulation effect	Biswas et al., 2013 [111]
L. rhamnosus GR-1	Cell-free supernatants	Immunomodulatory activity	Kościk et al., 2018 [112]
L. rhamnosus CRL1505	Peptidoglycan	Improved of Th2 response	Kolling et al., 2018 [113]
VSL#3 (L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and L. acidophilus; S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus)	Heat-killed cells	Anti-inflammatory	Sang et al., 2014 [114]
L. brevis SBC8803, L. brevis 8013 B. longum, and Streptococcus faecalis	Heat-killed cells	Anti-inflammatory and Enhancement of epithelial barrier permeability	Ueno et al., 2011 [115]
L. casei B1	Biosurfactants	Anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative, and anti-adhesion activity against S. aureus	Merghini et al., 2017 [116]