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. 2022 Dec 27;13(1):42. doi: 10.3390/metabo13010042

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Ketogenic diet differentially affects hypoglycemia counterregulatory hormones in non-diabetic and diabetic rats. (A) Recurrent hypoglycemia (3×-Hypo) reduces epinephrine counterregulatory response in non-diabetic chow-fed rats; no reduction is observed in non-diabetic keto-fed rats; (B) Epinephrine counterregulatory response to recurrent hypoglycemia (3×-Hypo) is preserved in STZ-diabetic chow- and keto-fed rats; (C) Single (1×-Hypo) or recurrent (3×-Hypo) hypoglycemia did not induce glucagon counterregulatory response in non-diabetic chow-fed animals, but significantly increase its release in non-diabetic keto-fed rats; (D) No changes in glucagon concentration were detected in STZ-diabetic animals. Log-transformed concentrations of epinephrine and glucagon (pg/mL) were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons test. Data are mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.