Table 1.
Preoperative cohort characteristics
| Variable | Smokers (n = 135) | Non-smokers (n = 223) | Ex-smokers (n = 183) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | (1Q; 3Q) | Median | (1Q; 3Q) | Median | (1Q; 3Q) | ||
| Weight [kg] | 82 | (72; 94) | 80 | (71; 92) | 85 | (74; 96) | 0.049 |
| Heigth [cm] | 174 | (168; 178) | 170 | (161; 176) | 172 | (167; 175) | < 0.001 |
| Age [years] | 58.7 | (52.9; 66.0) | 69.2 | (61.1; 76.2) | 66.5 | (58.8; 73.0) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI [kg· m−2] | 27.3 | (24.6; 30.5) | 27.9 | (25.6; 31.2) | 28.4 | (25.8; 31.7) | 0.05 |
| BSA [m2] | 1.96 | (1.83; 2.12) | 1.91 | (1.79; 2.06) | 1.98 | (1.84; 2.11) | 0.01 |
| Creatinin [μmol/l] | 84.0 | (70; 97) | 88.0 | (75; 103) | 87.0 | (76; 105) | 0.03 |
| LVEF [%] | 59 | (45; 65) | 60 | (55; 65) | 55 | (45; 65) | < 0.001 |
| EuroSCORE II [%] | 0.98 | (0.69; 1.75) | 1.23 | (0.82; 2.09) | 1.14 | (0.75; 2.51) | 0.02 |
| Variable | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex [n, %] | 16 | (11.9) | 80 | (35.9) | 29 | (15.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes [n, %] | 34 | (25.2) | 79 | (35.4) | 69 | (37.7) | 0.049 |
| Hypertension [n, %] | 99 | (73.3) | 186 | (83.4) | 139 | (76.0) | 0.05 |
| Renal Failure [n, %] | 5 | (3.7) | 8 | (3.6) | 8 | (4.4) | 0.91 |
| Dyslipidemia [n, %] | 77 | (57.0) | 148 | (66.4) | 126 | (68.9) | 0.08 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias [n, %]: | 0.66 | ||||||
| Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter | 6 | (4.4) | 15 | (6.7) | 11 | (6.0) | |
| Pacemaker | 1 | (0.7) | 6 | (2.7) | 3 | (1.6) | |
| Cerebral ATS [n, %] | 8 | (5.9) | 13 | (5.8) | 15 | (8.2) | 0.59 |
| PAD [n, %] | 27 | (20.0) | 15 | (6.7) | 35 | (19.1) | < 0.001 |
| COPD [n, %] | 35 | (25.9) | 12 | (5.4) | 28 | (15.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Stroke [n, %] | 10 | (7.4) | 18 | (8.1) | 22 | (12.0) | 0.27 |
| CCS class [n, %]: | 0.02 | ||||||
| I | 57 | (42.5) | 60 | (27.0) | 66 | (36.1) | |
| II | 33 | (24.6) | 69 | (31.1) | 60 | (32.8) | |
| III | 23 | (17.2) | 55 | (24.8) | 40 | (21.9) | |
| IV | 21 | (15.7) | 38 | (17.1) | 17 | (9.3) | |
| NYHA class [n, %]: | 0.09 | ||||||
| I | 72 | (53.7) | 85 | (38.3) | 75 | (41.0) | |
| II | 46 | (34.3) | 87 | (39.2) | 77 | (42.1) | |
| III | 12 | (9.0) | 40 | (18.0) | 25 | (13.7) | |
| IV | 4 | (3.0) | 10 | (4.5) | 6 | (3.3) | |
| History of AMI [n, %] | 77 | (57.0) | 95 | (42.6) | 111 | (60.7) | < 0.001 |
| Previous Cardiac Surgery [n, %] | 11 | (8.2) | 21 | (9.4) | 11 | (6.0) | 0.45 |
| Extent of Coronary Disease [n, %]: | 0.1 | ||||||
| 1-vessel | 70 | (51.9) | 115 | (51.6) | 73 | (39.9) | |
| 2-vessel | 43 | (31.9) | 67 | (30.0) | 64 | (35.0) | |
| 3-vessel | 22 | (16.3) | 41 | (18.4) | 46 | (25.1) | |
| Previous PCI [n, %] | 43 | (31.9) | 56 | (25.1) | 72 | (39.3) | 0.009 |
| Severe heart valve disease [n, %] | 17 | (12.6) | 28 | (12.6) | 23 | (12.6) | 1 |
| Intravenous nitrates preoperatively [n, %] | 4 | (3.0) | 4 | (1.8) | 5 | (2.7) | 0.7 |
| Anticoagulation preoperatively [n, %] | 37 | (27.4) | 46 | (20.6) | 31 | (16.9) | 0.08 |
The influence of smoking status on the outcomes was tested by Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorical variables, and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance with post-hoc Dunn ‘s test with Bonferroni modification for continuous variables
Values highlighted in bold were found to be statistically significant
1Q first quartile; 3Q third quartile; AMI acute myocardial infarction, BMI body mass index; BSA body surface area; CCS Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification of chest angina; Cerebral ATS cerebral atherosclerosis defined as a radiologically proven significant stenosis of cardinal cerebral vessels; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EuroSCORE II risk model for the calculation of the risk of 30-day mortality after cardiac surgery; LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA New York Heart Association classification of dyspnea; PAD peripheral artery disease; PCI percutaneous coronary intervention; Severe heart valve disease—defined as higher than moderate grade of any heart valve regurgitation/stenosis