Table 2.
Perioperative outcomes
| Variable | Smokers (n = 135) | Non-smokers (n = 223) | Ex-smokers (n = 183) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | (1Q; 3Q) | Median | (1Q; 3Q) | Median | (1Q; 3Q) | ||
| Operation time [min] | 150 | (135; 170) | 155 | (138; 180) | 160 | (135; 180) | 0.2 |
| Artificial ventilation time [hours] | 6.7 | (4.7; 10.0) | 7.6 | (5.6; 10.3) | 7 | (5.0; 9.3) | 0.09 |
| 24 h Blood loss [ml] | 500 | (350; 650) | 450 | (350; 650) | 450 | (300; 550) | 0.14 |
| ICU stay [hours] | 24.2 | (21.2; 45.8) | 24.1 | (20.9; 46.0) | 23.5 | (19.7; 46.8) | 0.87 |
| Hospital stay [days] | 8 | (7.0; 9.0) | 8.6 | (7.4; 11.0) | 8 | (7.0; 10.0) | 0.002 |
| Variable | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urgent surgery [n, %] | 16 | (11.9) | 11 | (4.9) | 4 | (2.2) | 0.002 |
| Paliative revascularization [n, %] | 46 | (34.1) | 75 | (33.6) | 66 | (36.1) | 0.87 |
| Hybrid revascularization [n, %] | 14 | (10.4) | 27 | (12.1) | 37 | (20.2) | 0.02 |
| Conversion to sternotomy [n, %] | 1 | (0.7) | 9 | (4.0) | 4 | (2.2) | 0.15 |
| Reintubation [n, %] | 5 | (3.7) | 3 | (1.4) | 3 | (1.7) | 0.27 |
| Catecholamines for > 24 h [n, %] | 53 | (39.3) | 73 | (32.7) | 70 | (38.3) | 0.36 |
| Inotropes [n, %] | 18 | (13.3) | 39 | (17.5) | 25 | (13.7) | 0.45 |
| Transfusion need [n, %] | 17 | (12.6) | 34 | (15.3) | 19 | (10.4) | 0.34 |
| Revision for bleeding [n, %] | 6 | (4.5) | 8 | (3.6) | 4 | (2.2) | 0.51 |
| Postoperative infarction [n, %] | 2 | (1.5) | 6 | (2.7) | 1 | (0.6) | 0.24 |
| Pleural effusion [n, %] | 38 | (28.2) | 68 | (30.5) | 45 | (24.6) | 0.42 |
| Pneumothorax [n, %] | 8 | (5.9) | 7 | (3.1) | 2 | (1.1) | 0.05 |
| Subcutaneous emphysema [n, %] | 21 | (18.9) | 9 | (4.8) | 13 | (9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory infection [n, %] | 11 | (8.2) | 11 | (4.9) | 5 | (2.7) | 0.09 |
| Respiratory dysfunction [n, %] | 18 | (13.3) | 13 | (5.8) | 20 | (10.9) | 0.05 |
| Wound healing complication [n, %] | 1 | (0.7) | 14 | (6.3) | 9 | (4.9) | 0.04 |
| Neurological complication [n, %] | 3 | (2.2) | 1 | (0.45) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.06 |
| Renal Complication [n, %] | 4 | (3.0) | 7 | (3.1) | 6 | (3.3) | 0.99 |
| SIRS [n, %] | 1 | (0.7) | 4 | (1.8) | 1 | (0.6) | 0.44 |
| Atrial fibrillation postoperatively [n, %] | 20 | (14.8) | 56 | (25.1) | 38 | (20.8) | 0.07 |
| Gastrointestinal complication [n, %] | 4 | (3.0) | 8 | (3.6) | 8 | (4.4) | 0.8 |
| COPD exacerbation [n, %] | 5 | (3.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (1.6) | 0.02 |
| Composite of pulmonary complications [n, %] | 42 | (31.1) | 25 | (11.2) | 36 | (19.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Early mortality [n, %] | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (1.4) | 1 | (0.6) | 0.33 |
The influence of smoking status on the outcomes was tested by Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorical variables, and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance with post-hoc Dunn‘s test with Bonferroni modification for continuous variables
Values highlighted in bold were found to be statistically significant
1Q first quartile; 3Q third quartile; 24 h twenty-four hour; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU intensive care unit; SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome