Table 3.
Metal oxide nanoparticles obtained using NDESs with a description of the method of obtaining the NDESs and the functions they perform in the system.
| Material | Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents | Process Parameters of NDES Synthesis | Size of Nanoparticles | NDES Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag2O | Malonic acid–glucose (1:1) Malonic acid–fructose (1:1) |
Evaporation in a vacuum at 50 °C | 95.42–185.99 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[94] |
| CeO2 | Choline chloride–urea (1:2) Choline chloride–glycol ethylene (1:2) |
Conventional heating at 80 °C | 10–30 nm | Ionothermal reaction medium | [92] |
| Cu2O | Choline chloride-ethylene glycol (1:2) | Conventional heating at 100 °C | 116.2–148.2 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[95] |
| Cu2O on TiO2 | Choline chloride and urea (1:2) | Conventional heating at 60 °C | 1.2–2.0 nm | Reaction medium | [96] |
| Fe2O3 | Choline chloride–urea (1:2) | Conventional heating at 80 °C | 180 nm | Ionothermal reaction medium | [63] |
| Fe3O4 | Choline chloride–urea (1:2) | Conventional heating at 80 °C | 11 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[83] |
| Mg, Co, Ni ferrite | Choline chloride–maleic acid (1:1) Choline chloride–oxalic acid (1:1) n,n’-Dimethylurea–citric acid (7:2) |
Heated up to 80 °C in an aluminium heating block | 120–480 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[89] |
| MnxOy | Choline chloride-glucose (1:2) Choline chloride–ethylene glycol–glucose (1:1:1) |
Conventional heating at 58–60 °C | 1300 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[97] |
| Mn3O4 | Choline chloride–ethylene glycol (1:2) | Conventional heating at 90 °C | 18 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[84] |
| NiO | Choline chloride–urea (1:2) | Conventional, 80 °C | 100 nm | Reaction medium | [98] |
| SnO2 | Choline chloride–urea (1:2) | Conventional, 80 °C | 4–10 nm | Reaction medium | [85] |
| TiO2 | Choline chloride–succinic acid (1:1) | Conventional heating at 80–100 °C | 40–65 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser |
[87] |
| ZnO | Choline chloride–urea (1:2) | Mixing in a glovebox with an argon atmosphere | 60–650 nm | Reaction medium, stabiliser, solvent of ZnO |
[86] |
| ZnO | Choline chloride–ethylene glycol (1:2) | Conventional heating at 80 °C | 30 nm | Ionothermal reaction medium | [81] |
| ZnO | Betaine and phenol (1:2) | Conventional heating at 30–40 °C, 30 min | 100 nm | Reaction medium | [13] |
| ZrOx MnOx CuO |
Choline chloride–urea (1:2) | Conventional heating at 60 °C, 1 h | 19.16 nm 49.46 nm 44.22 nm |
Reaction medium | [93] |