| ACER | Average Classification Error Rate |
| APCER | Attack Presentation Classification Error Rate |
| BPCER | Bona fide Presentation Classification Error Rate |
| CNN | Convolutional Neural Network |
| DOAJ | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| FAS | Face Anti-Spoofing |
| FER | Facial Expression Recognition |
| MDPI | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| MSA | Multi-headed Self-Attention |
| ViT | Visual Transformer |
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