Table 2.

The optimized conditions for the extraction of phytochemicals using various extraction methods.

Extraction Method	Solvent	Temperature	Pressure	Time Consumed	References
Maceration	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	Room temperature or cold method (4–15 °C)	Atmospheric pressure	3–7 days or up to months	[103,104,105]
Percolation	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	Room temperature or under heat (35–70 °C)	Atmospheric pressure	2–24 h	[106,107]
Decoction	Water	Atmospheric pressure	1–2 h	65–70 °C	[108,109]
Reflux extraction	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	60–100 °C	Atmospheric pressure	15 min–2 h	[110,111,112]
Soxhlet extraction	Organic solvents	65–100 °C	Atmospheric pressure	6–24 h	[113,114]
Pressurized liquid extraction	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	50–200 °C	50–300 psi	5–20 min	[115,116,117]
Microwave-assisted extraction	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	40–120 °C	Atmospheric pressure	30 s–20 min	[118]
Ultrasound-assisted extraction	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	20–80 °C	Atmospheric pressure	10–60 min	[119,120]
Pulsed electric field extraction	Water, aqueous and non-aqueous solvent	20–50 °C	1.32–1.64 bar or atmospheric pressure	5 min–48 h	[121,122,123]
Enzyme-assisted extraction	Water, aqueous andnon-aqueous solvent	33–67 °C	Atmospheric pressure	20 min–4 h	[124,125]
Supercritical fluid extraction	Supercritical Fluids such as S-CO2, S-H2O	40–80 °C	35–70 MPa	10–60 min	[126,127]
High hydrostatic pressure extraction	Water, ethanol, glycerol, silicon oil, or a mixture of solvents	Below 45 °C	100–1000 MPa	3–15 min	[128,129,130]
Liquid gas extraction	Liquified petroleum gas (propane, n-butane), dimethyl ether	35 °C	Room temperature or low pressure 200–1000 kPa	20 min	[10,131]
Natural deep eutectic solvent extraction	Deep eutectic solvents such as reline, ethaline, glycerine, etc.	25–105 °C	Atmospheric pressure	30–60 min	[132,133,134]