| CF | Cystic Fibrosis |
| CVD | Cardiovascular Disease |
| DM | Diabetes Mellitus |
| MetS | Metabolic Syndrome |
| Cu | Copper |
| Zn | Zinc |
| OHS | Occipital Horn Syndrome |
| ASD | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| CSS | Cross-Sectional Study |
| CCS | Case-Control Study |
| RTS | Randomized Trial Study |
| NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| CP | Ceruloplasmin |
| CRP | C-Reactive Protein |
| OS | Oxidative Stress |
| SOD | Superoxide Dismutase |
| HTN | Hypertension |
| CHD | Congenital Heart Disease |
| BMI | Body Mass Index |
| ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
| T1DM | Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus |
| A1c % | Glycosylated Hemoglobin |
| TC | Total Cholesterol |
| Hb | Hemoglobin |
| Fe | Iron |
| β-TM | Beta-Thalassemia Major |
| TDT | Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia |
| SCD | Sickle Cell Disease |
| SCA | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| NDR | Neurodevelopmental Regression |
| ADHD | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |