Table 2.
Analysis between patients subjected or not subjected to Tracheal intubation (TI).
| Multivariate Model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-TI (n = 678) |
TI (n = 402) |
p-Value | OR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
| Center [n (%)] | <0.0001 | 0.5365 | |||
| Niguarda Hospital (Milan) | 496 (73.16) | 336 (85.58) | 0.86 [0.54–1.38] | ||
| Maggiore Hospital (Novara) | 182 (26.84) | 66 (16.42) | Ref | ||
| Male [n (%)] | 529 (78.02) | 316 (78.61) | 0.8223 | 1.11 [0.71–1.74] | 0.6435 |
| Age [n (%)] | 0.4782 | 0.3983 | |||
| <65 years old | 504 (74.34) | 311 (77.36) | Ref | ||
| 65–75 years old | 94 (13.86) | 52 (12.94) | 1.43 [0.85–2.40] | ||
| >75 years old | 80 (11.80) | 39 (9.70) | 1.08 [0.62–1.91] | ||
| Median GCS in ED [median (IQR)] | 15 [15–15] | 3 [3–14] | <0.0001 | ||
| Median SpO2 in ED [median (IQR) | 98 [96–100] | 99 [95–100] | 0.0904 | ||
| ASA score [n (%)] | 0.6684 | ||||
| I | 391 (57.75) | 244 (60.85) | |||
| II | 232 (34.27) | 127 (31.67) | |||
| III | 50 (7.39) | 29 (7.23) | |||
| IV | 4 (0.59) | 1 (0.25) | |||
| Mechanism [n (%)] | 0.0015 | ||||
| Car | 168 (25.49) | 72 (18.51) | |||
| Motorcycle | 205 (31.11) | 108 (27.76) | |||
| Pedestrian struck | 83 (12.59) | 59 (15.17) | |||
| Fall | 139 (21.09) | 122 (31.36) | |||
| Cyclist | 53 (8.04) | 22 (5.66) | |||
| Other | 11 (1.67) | 6 (1.54) | |||
| Emergency Surgery [n (%)] | 100 (14.75) | 244 (60.85) | <0.0001 | ||
| Chest AIS’98 [n (%)] | <0.0001 | ||||
| <3 | 189 (27.88) | 38 (9.45) | |||
| ≥3 | 489 (72.12) | 364 (90.55) | |||
| Abdomen AIS’98 [n (%)] | <0.0001 | ||||
| < 3 | 605 (89.23) | 287 (71.39) | |||
| ≥ 3 | 73 (10.77) | 115 (28.61) | |||
| Head AIS’98 [n (%)] | <0.0001 | ||||
| <3 | 587 (86.58) | 181 (45.14) | |||
| ≥3 | 91 (13.42) | 220 (54.86) | |||
| Extremity AIS’98 [n (%)] | <0.0001 | ||||
| <3 | 553 (81.56) | 233 (57.96) | |||
| ≥3 | 125 (18.44) | 169 (42.04) | |||
| 1st and/or 2nd rib fractures [n (%)] | 200 (29.59) | 183 (46.10) | |||
| N rib fractures [n (%)] | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | |||
| 0 | 39 (5.92) | 8 (2.07) | Ref | ||
| 1–3 | 308 (46.74) | 125 (32.30) | 2.51 [0.81–7.72] | ||
| 4–8 | 264 (40.06) | 168 (43.41) | 3.74 [1.24–11.31] | ||
| >9 | 48 (7.28) | 86 (22.22) | 8.58 [2.57–28.57] | ||
| Bilateral rib fractures [n (%)] | 108 (15.93) | 129 (32.17) | <0.0001 | ||
| Scapula/clavicle/sternum fractures [n (%)] | 121 (17.85) | 95 (23.63) | 0.0216 | 1.57 [1.01–2.46] | 0.0458 |
| Pneumothorax [n (%)] | 236 (34.81) | 188 (46.88) | <0.0001 | ||
| Hemothorax [n (%)] | 24 (3.54) | 40 (9.98) | <0.0001 | 3.42 [1.50–7.78] | 0.0035 |
| Pulmonary contusion [n (%)] | 267 (39.38) | 259 (64.59) | <0.0001 | 1.55 [1.06–2.56] | 0.0241 |
| Pleural effusion [n (%)] | 104 (15.34) | 96 (23.94) | 0.0004 | ||
| Median ISS in ED [median (IQR)] | 16 [10–22] | 34 [25–42] | <0.0001 | 1.08 [1.06–1.10] | <0.0001 |
| RTS [median (IQR)] | 12 [12–12] | 4 [4–12] | <0.0001 | ||
| Chest Tube Thoracostomy [n (%)] | 100 (14.75) | 244 (60.85) | <0.0001 | ||
| Death probability TRISS [median (IQR)] | 2.03 [0.80–4.99] | 15.30 [4.26–55.30] | <0.0001 | ||
GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; ASA score: American Society of Anesthesiology score; TI: tracheal intubation; CT: Computed tomography; AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale; ISS: Injury Severity Score; RTS: Revised Trauma Score; TRISS: Trauma Injury Severity Score; IQR: Interquartile range; SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation; ED: emergency department.