Table 2.
Characteristics of studies evaluating microRNA expression patterns in diabetic kidney disease.
| Study | Country | Study Population (n) | Quantification Method | microRNAs | Sample Type | Upregulated | Downregulated | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy | Normoalbuminuria | Diabetic Kidney Disease | |||||||
| Abdelsalam, 2020 [44] | Egypt | 30 | 30 | 60 | RT-qPCR | miR-451 | plasma | miR-451 | - |
| urine | - | miR-451 | |||||||
| Abdou, 2022 [45] | Egypt | 20 | 20 | 40 | RT-qPCR | miR-152-3p | serum | miR-152-3p | - |
| Akhbari, 2018 [46] | Iran | 22 | 21 | 40 | RT-qPCR | miR-93 | serum | - | miR-93 |
| Akhbari, 2019 [47] | Iran | 22 | - | 61 | RT-qPCR | miR-155 | cell-free serum | - | miR-155 |
| Al-kafaji, 2016 [48] | Bahrain | 50 | 52 | 50 | RT-qPCR | miR-126 | peripheral whole blood | - | miR-126 |
| Al-kafaji, 2018 [49] | Bahrain | 30 | 30 | 25 | RT-qPCR | miR-377, miR-192 | whole blood | miR-377 | miR-192 |
| Argyropoulos, 2013 [50] | United States of America | - | 10 | 30 | RT-qPCR | 27 microRNAs | urine | miR-214-3p, miR-92b-5p, miR-765, miR-429, miR-373-5p, miR-1913, miR-638 | miR-323b-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-524-5p, miR-188-3p |
| Assmann, 2019 [51] | Brazil | 20 | 33 | 54 | RT-qPCR | miR-16-5p, miR-21-3p, miR-29a-3p, miR-378a-5p, miR-503-5p | plasma | miR-21-3p, miR-378a-5p | miR-16-5p, miR-29a-3p |
| Barutta, 2013 [52] | Italy | 10 | 12 | 12 | RT-qPCR | miR-130a, miR-424, miR-155, miR-145 | urine exosomes | miR-145, miR-130a | miR-424, miR-155 |
| Beltrami, 2018 [53] | United Kingdom | 61 | 62 | 109 | MicroRNA array, RT-qPCR | miR-126-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-29b-3p | urine | miR-126-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-29b-3p | - |
| Cardenas-Gonzalez, 2017 [54] | United States of America | 93 | 71 | 132 | RT-qPCR, miRNA in situ hybridization | miR-1915-3p, miR-2861, miR-4532, miR-4536-3p, miR-6747-3p | urine | miR-4536-3p, miR-6747-3p | miR-1915-3p, miR-2861, miR-4532 |
| Conserva, 2019 [55] | Italy | 20 | - | 37 | Microarray, RT-qPCR | miR-27b-3p, miR-1228-3p | kidney biopsy, cell-free urine | - | miR-27b-3p, miR-1228-3p |
| Delić, 2016 [56] | Germany | 14 | 14 | 13 | Microarray, RT-qPCR | miR-320c, miR-6068 | urine exosomes | miR-320c, miR-6068 | - |
| Dieter, 2019 [57] | Brazil | - | 17 | 23 | RT-qPCR | miR-15a-5p, miR-30e-5p | plasma | - | miR-30e-5p |
| urine | - | miR-30e-5p | |||||||
| Eissa, 2016 [58] | Egypt | 56 | 60 | 116 | MicroRNA array, RT-qPCR | miR-15b, miR-34a, miR-636 | urine pellets, exosomes | miR-15b, miR-34a, miR-636 | - |
| Eissa, 2016b [59] | Egypt | 54 | 56 | 110 | RT-qPCR | miR-133b, miR-342, miR-30a | urine exosomes | miR-133b, miR-342, miR-30a | - |
| Florijn, 2019 [60] | Netherlands | 12 | - | 33 | RT-qPCR | miR-1, miR-21, miR-29a, miR-126, miR-132, miR-145, miR-152, miR-212, miR-223, miR-574, miR-660 | plasma endothelial vesicles | miR-21, miR-126 | - |
| Plasma | miR-126 | ||||||||
| high density lipoprotein fraction | - | miR-132 | |||||||
| Apo-2 | miR-126, miR-145, miR-660 | - | |||||||
| Fouad, 2020 [61] | Egypt | 100 | 120 | 120 | RT-qPCR | miR-21 | plasma | miR-21 | - |
| Guo, 2017 [62] | China | 45 | 33 | 42 | Microarray, RT-qPCR | miR-29c | plasma | miR-29c | - |
| urine | - | miR-29c | |||||||
| kidney tissue | - | miR-29c | |||||||
| Han, 2021 [63] | China | - | 5 | 6 | Microarray, RT-qPCR | miR-95-3p, miR-185-5p, miR-1246, miR-631 | urine sediment | miR-95-3p, miR-185-5p, miR-1246, miR-631 | - |
| He, 2014 [64] | China | 6 | - | 6 | Microarray hybridisation, RT-qPCR | miR-15a, miR-17, miR-21, miR-30b, miR-126, miR-135a, miR-192, miR-377, miR-34a, miR-194-1, miR-205, miR-215 | serum | miR-15a, miR-17, miR-21, miR-30b, miR-126, miR-135a, miR-192, miR-377 | miR-34a, miR-194-1, miR-205, miR-215 |
| kidney tissue | miR-135a | - | |||||||
| Hong, 2021 [65] | China | 36 | 36 | 51 | Microarray, RT-qPCR | miR-193a-3p, miR-320c, miR-27a-3p | plasma | miR-193a-3p, miR-320c | - |
| Jia, 2016 [66] | China | 10 | 30 | 50 | RT-qPCR | miR-192, miR-194, miR-215 | urine extracellular vesicles | miR-192, miR-194, miR-215 | - |
| Khokhar, 2021 [67] | India | 36 | 38 | 35 | RT-qPCR | miR-21-5p | whole blood | miR-21-5p | - |
| Lin, 2021 [68] | China | 30 | 36 | 32 | RT-qPCR | miR-638 | serum | miR-638 | |
| Liu, 2021 [69] | China | 180 | 64 | 116 | RT-qPCR | miR-29a | serum | miR-29a | |
| Ma, 2016 [70] | China | 127 | 157 | 307 | RT-qPCR | miR-192 | serum | - | miR-192 |
| Milas, 2018 [71] | Romania | 11 | 26 | 42 | RT-qPCR | miR-21, miR-124, miR-192 | urine | miR-21, miR-124 | miR-192 |
| Monjezi, 2022 [72] | Iran | 30 | 31 | RT-qPCR | miR-124-3p | peripheral blood mononuclear cells | miR-124-3p | ||
| Motawi, 2018 [73] | Egypt | 25 | 25 | 25 | RT-qPCR | miR-130b | serum | - | miR-130b |
| Park, 2022 [74] | Republic of Korea | 7 | - | 12 | NGS | miR-320b, miR-30d-5p, miR-30e-3p, miR-30c-5p, miR-190a-5p, miR-29c-5p, miR-98-3p, miR-331-3p, let-7a-3p, miR-106b-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-99b-5p, let-7f-1-3p | plasma and urine extracellular vesicles | miR-320b | miR-30d-5p, miR-30e-3p, miR-30c-5p, miR-190a-5p, miR-29c-5p, miR-98-3p, miR-331-3p, let-7a-3p, miR-106b-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-99b-5p, let-7f-1-3p |
| Peng, 2013 [75] | China | - | 41 | 42 | RT-qPCR | miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c | urine supernatant | miR-29a | - |
| Petrica, 2019 [76] | Romania | 11 | 36 | 81 | RT-qPCR | miR-125a, miR-126, miR-146a, miR-21p, miR-124, miR-192 | serum | miR-192, miR-21p | miR-124, miR-125a, miR-126, miR-146 |
| urine | miR-21p, miR-124, miR-125a, miR-126 | miR-192, miR-146a | |||||||
| Pezzolesi, 2015 [77] | United States of America | - | 40 | 76 | RT-qPCR | let-7b-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-29c-3p | plasma | let-7b-5p, miR-21-5p | let-7c-5p, miR-29a-3p |
| Prabu, 2019 [78] | India | 40 | 40 | 80 | RT-qPCR | let-7i-5p, miR-135b-5p, miR-15b-3p, miR-197-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-27b-3p | urine exosomes | let-7i-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-30a-5p | miR-15b-3p |
| Regmi, 2019 [79] | China | 25 | 50 | 42 | RT-qPCR | miR-20a, miR-99b, miR-122-5p, miR-486-5p | serum | miR-99b, miR-122 | miR-20a, miR-486 |
| Ren, 2019 [80] | China | 280 | 273 | 465 | RT-qPCR | miR-154-5p | serum | miR-154-5p | - |
| Ren, 2020 [81] | China | - | 136 | 254 | RT-qPCR | miR-154-5p | serum | miR-154-5p | - |
| Roux, 2018 [82] | France | - | 73 | 73 | NGS, RT-qPCR | miR-362-5p, miR-152-3p, miR-196b-5p, miR-140-3p | plasma | miR-152-3p | - |
| Rovira-Llopis, 2018 [83] | Spain | 24 | 13 | 13 | RT-qPCR | miR-31 | serum | - | miR-31 |
| Shao, 2017 [84] | China | 195 | 186 | 309 | RT-qPCR | miR-217 | serum | miR-217 | - |
| Sham, 2022 [85] | Malaysia | - | 15 | 26 | miS-cript miRNA qPCR array, RT-qPCR | miR-874-3p, miR-101-3p, miR-145-5p | serum | miR-874-3p, miR-101-3p | |
| Su, 2020 [86] | China | 20 | - | 20 | MicroRNA array, RT-qPCR | miR-140-5p | peripheral blood, kidney tissue | - | miR-140-5p |
| Wang, 2019 [19] | China | 40 | 40 | 66 | MicroRNA array, qPCR | miR-27a-3p, miR-30e, miR-33b, miR-50, miR-125b-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-296, miR-320e, miR-328, miR-484, miR-487, miR-550a-5p, miR-590-5p, miR-744, miR-885-5p, miR-933. miR-3196, let-7a-5p, let-7c-5p | plasma | miR-125b-5p, miR- 484, miR-550 | miR-30e, miR-155-5p, miR-320, let-7a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-3196 |
| Xiao, 2017 [87] | China | 35 | - | 140 | Real time PCR | miR-9 | serum | miR-9 | - |
| Xie, 2017 [88] | China | - | 35 | 5 | MicroRNA array, qPCR | miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p, miR-15a-5p, miR-150-5p |
urine exosomes | miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p, miR-150-5p | miR-15a-5p |
| Zang, 2019 [89] | Ireland | 18 | 30 | 36 | MicroRNA arrays, RT-PCR | miR-21-5p, let-7e-5p, miR-23b-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-125b-5p | urine sediment exosome | miR-21-5p | miR-30b-5p |
| Zhang, 2017 [90] | China | 28 | 30 | 27 | Microarray, qPCR | miR-223-3p, miR-106b-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-29a-3p, miR-29c-3p, miR-425-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-1249-5p, miR-2276-3p, miR-1225-5p, miR-345-3p, miR-3679-5p, miR-4281, miR-4442 | plasma | - | miR-223-3p |
| Zhang, 2020 [91] | China | - | 30 | 30 | RT-qPCR | miR-135a-5p | serum | miR-135a-5p | - |
| Zhao, 2020 [92] | China | - | 17 | 17 | MicroRNA arrays, qRT-PCR | miR-4491, miR-2117, miR-4507, miR-5088-5p, miR-1587, miR-219a-3p, miR-5091, miR-498, miR-4687-3p, miR-516b-5p, mir-4534, miR-1275, miR-5007-3p, miR-4516 | urine exosomes | miR-4687-3p, miR-4534, miR-5007-3p | - |
| Zhou, 2013 [93] | China | 62 | 104 | 108 | MicroRNA microarrays, real time RT-PCR | let-7a, let-7d, let-7f, miR-4429, miR-363 | whole blood | - | let-7a |