Table 1.
Characteristics of included systematic reviews.
| Author(s) Year |
Quality Assessment |
Studies Included in This Overview |
Interventions | Outcomes | Effect Sizes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corrigan et al. 2022 [13] | The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool GRADE Available |
19 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL Usual Care or any active treatment other than yoga |
Anxiety: STAI, HADS-A and HAM-A Depression: CES-D, HADS-D, EPDS and HDRS Stress: PSS-10 and PEQ |
SMD(95% CI): overall effect ANXIETY SYMPTOMS 11 studies; n = 423 −0.91 (−1.49 to −0.33), p = 0.002; I2 = 92% DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 12 studies; n = 679 −0.47 (−0.90 to −0.04), p = 0.03; I2 = 86% STRESS SYMPTOMS 5 studies; n = 423 −1.22 (−1.66 to −0.79), p < 0.00001; I2 = 70% * Certainty in the evidence was judged as low for these three outcomes based on the GRADE approach. |
| Daley et al. 2014 [28] | The scoring system was modified from the Delphi List Criteria GRADE Unavailable |
5 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL Waitlist, usual care, social support, education sessions |
Depression: CES-D and EPDS | SMD(95% CI): subgroup analysis including only depressed women at baseline DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 5 studies; n = 274 −0.41 (−0.88 to 0.07), p = 0.09; I2 = 70% |
| Gong et al. 2015 [23] | Tool for quality assessment Available GRADE Unavailable |
6 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga alone/combination CONTROL Usual care or other physical or mental care |
Depression: CES-D, HADS and EPDS | SMD (95% CI): Overall effect DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 6 studies; n = 375 −0.59 (−0.94 to −0.25), p = 0.0007; I2 = 60% |
| Guo et al. 2021 [14] | The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool Available GRADE Unavailable |
2 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL No intervention |
Stress: PSS, DASS, PDQ and PSRS | SMD (95% CI): subgroup analysis according to the type of intervention STRESS SYMPTOMS 2 studies; n = 158 −1.07 (−1.55 to −1.59), p < 0.0001; I2 = 50% |
| Lin et al. 2022 [24] | Risk of Bias or methodological quality tool Unavailable GRADE Unavailable |
13 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL Unspecified |
Anxiety: STAI, PRAQ-R, SAS, HARS, PASS Depression: CES-D, EPDS, POMS, HDS, HDRS |
SMD (95% CI): Overall effect ANXIETY SYMPTOMS 8 studies; n = 516 −0.91 (−1.48 to −0.34), p = 0.002; I2 = 88% DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 8 studies; n = 446 −1.58 (−2.31 to −0.85), p < 0.0001; I2 = 90% |
| Ng et al. 2019 [15] | The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool Available GRADE Unavailable |
6 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL No intervention |
Depression: EPDS and HADS | SMD (95% CI): overall effect DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 6 studies; n = unspecified −0.452 (−0.86 to −0.880), p = 0.015; I2 = 64% |
| Ningrum et al. 2019 [27] | Risk of Bias or methodological quality tool Unavailable GRADE Unavailable |
6 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL No intervention, usual care, social support |
Anxiety: unspecified | SMD (95% CI): Overall effect ANXIETY SYMPTOMS 6 studies; n = 454 −0.48 (−0.92 to −0.03), p = unspecified; I2 = 81% |
| Smith et al. 2019 [16] | The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool GRADE Available |
4 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL Usual care, waitlist, information, and social support |
Anxiety: STAI Depression: EPDS, CES-D and POMS |
SMD (95% CI): subgroup analysis according to the type of intervention DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 4 studies; n = 103 −0.21(−0.48 to −0.06), p = 0.13 I2 = 0% ANXIETY SYMPTOMS 3 studies; n = 96 −1.60 (−5.67 to −2.46), p = 0.44; I2 = 54% * Certainty in the evidence was judged as low for these two outcomes based on the GRADE approach. |
| Wang et al. 2022 [26] | The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool GRADE Unavailable |
6 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL Usual care, active controls, social support |
Anxiety: STAI | SMD (95% CI): overall effect ANXIETY SYMPTOMS 6 studies; n = unspecified −4.75 (−8.3 to −1.19), p = unspecified; I2 = 73.8% |
| Zhu et al. 2021 [25] | The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool GRADE Available |
10 | EXPERIMENTAL Yoga CONTROL Usual care, social support, parenting education, attention control, usual antenatal exercises, perinatal health education |
Anxiety: S-STAI, STAI, SAS Depression: EPDS, CES-D, D-HADS |
SMD (95% CI): subgroup analysis according to the type of intervention ANXIETY SYMPTOMS 6 studies; n = 393 −0.87 (−1.52 to −0.23), p = 0.008; I2 = 89% DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 10 studies; n = 553 −0.45(−0.69 to −0.22), p = 0.0002 I2 = 43% * Certainty in the evidence was judged as low for depression symptoms and very low for anxiety symptoms based on the GRADE approach. |
Note: CES-D: Centre for Epidemiological Studies—Depression; DASS: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GRADE: Grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Depression; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PASS: Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale; PEQ: Pregnancy Experiences Questionnaire; POMS: Profile of Mood States; PRAQ-R: Pregnancy-related Anxiety Inventory; PSRS: Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; SAS: Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SMD: Standard mean difference; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; WHOQoL-100: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument.