Table 3.
Optimised test conditions and specific endpoints for each insecticide and mosquito species in the WHO bottle assay
| Insecticide class | Insecticide | Mosquito species | Bottle drying time (h) | Exposure time (h) | Recording time (h) | Surfactant and solvent control | Endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrroles | Chlorfenapyr | All Anopheles species | 24 | 1 | 72 | Acetone | Mortality |
| Neonicotinoids | Clothianidin | An. gambiae, An. funestus, An. stephensi, An. minimus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone + MEROa 800 ppm | |
| An. albimanus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone + MEROa 200 ppm | |||
| Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone + MEROa 1500 ppm | |||
| Butenolides | Flupyradifurone | An. gambiae, An. funestus, An. stephensi, An. minimus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone + MEROa 800 ppm | |
| An. albimanus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone + MEROa 200 ppm | |||
| Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone + MEROa 1500 ppm | |||
| Pyrethroids | Transfluthrin | All Anopheles and Aedes species | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone | |
| Prallethrin | Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone | ||
| Metofluthrin | Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus | 24 | 1 | 24 | Acetone | ||
| Juvenile hormone mimics | Pyriproxyfen | An. gambiae, An. funestus, An. stephensi | 2 | 1 | 72 h for mortality; 7 days for ovipositionb | Acetone | Oviposition inhibition |
Ae. Aedes mosquitoes, An. Anopheles mosquitoes
aMERO: 81% rapeseed oil methyl ester (Bayer CropScience)
bThe 7-day period includes a 72-h holding period in which mosquitoes are kept in paper cups to record mortality, followed by an additional 96 h of individual chambering of surviving females to record oviposition