Table 2.
Gut microbiota and their targeted mechanisms and actions.
| Gut Microbiome | Target Abundance/Mechanism | Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteriodetes | Low abundance | Enhanced the development of inflammatory conditions, obesity, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes | [25] |
| Bacteroidia | Inversely correlated with LDL-c and triglyceride level | Exhibited anti-obesity response | [26] |
| Bacteriodetes | Increased abundance | Directly associated with weight loss | [26] |
| Prevotella and Bacteroidia | Significant positive correlation with Bmal1 | Improved circadian rhythmicity | [8] |
| Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidia, and Dialisster | Positive correlation with Sirt1 | Controlled the circadian system that regulate intestinal physiology and systemic metabolism | [8,28] |
| Prevotella | Produced SCFAs | Facilitated peripheral clock adjustment | [29] |
| Lactobacillus and Bifdobacterium | Modulated the GHS-R1a receptor to influence the ghrelin system | Helped to maintain weight loss in AAPDs-induced overweight patients | [36] |
| Oscillibacter spp. and Lactobacillus spp. | Helped in releasing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) hormones | Regulated host metabolism via glucose and lipid metabolism | [38,39] |
| Bacteroides, Lactobacilli, Helicobacter pylori, Candida specie, and Escherichia coli | Change in appetite and emotion-controlled peptidergic system | Interfered with the immune system | [44] |
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Alleviated CUMS, induce HPA axis hyper reaction, and upregulate the SCFAs | Decreased the inflammatory level | [89] |
| Clostridium butyricum | Enhanced SCFA production | Restored intestinal dysfunction and hippocampal microglial activation | [50] |
| Lactobacillus brevis and Bifdobacterium dentium | Produced GABA neurotransmitters | Modulated physiological and psychological processes in the central nervous system | [64] |
| Streptococcus spp., Candida spp., Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia spp. | Affected tryptophan metabolism and subsequent serotonin synthesis by regulating the kynurenine metabolism pathway | Influenced cognition function in central areas as well as gastrointestinal function | [67,163] |
| L. rhamnosus JB1 | Altered the expression of genes encoding GABA receptors in the amygdala and hippocampus | Decreased anxiety-like behavior, controlling fear and emotions | [62] |
| Ruminococcus and Prevotella | Low abundance | Associated with an increased level of IL-6 | [73] |
| Lactobacillus Plantarum P8 | Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and TNF-α | Improved memory and cognitive function | [77] |
| Odoribacter splanchnicus, the Bilophila, and Bifdobacterium adolescentis | Negatively correlated with TNF-α production | Regulated the inflammation process | [78] |
| Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus | Induced a meningeal immune response | Affected spatial learning, memory, and social behavior | [86] |
| Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio | Increased plasma CRP | Associated with local and systemic inflammation in obesity | [103] |
LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Sirt1 = Sirtuin 1, SCFAs = short-chain fatty acids, GHS-R1a = growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a, CUMS = chronic unpredictable mild stress, HPA = hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal, GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CRP = C-reactive protein.