Table 2.
Stress, depression, and anxiety levels among the study participants attended the National Research Center for Mother and Child Health, Astana, Kazakhstan.
| Variable | Total (n = 148) |
Controls (n = 78) | RPL Cases (n = 70) |
t/χ2 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DASS-21 stress score continuous, mean ± SD | 6.46 ± 5.11 | 4.83 ± 4.60 | 8.27 ± 5.07 | t = −4.30 | <0.001 |
| DASS-21 stress severity, n (%) | χ2 = 3.58 | 0.773 | |||
| Normal | 135 (91.2) | 72 (92.3) | 63 (90.0) | ||
| Mild–moderate | 13 (8.8) | 6 (7.7) | 7 (10.0) | ||
| DASS-21 anxiety score continuous, mean ± SD | 4.33 ± 4.48 | 2.74 ± 3.30 | 6.10 ± 4.95 | t = −4.80 | <0.001 |
| DASS-21 anxiety severity, n (%) | χ2 = 11.91 | 0.003 | |||
| Normal | 119 (80.4) | 70 (89.7) | 49 (70.0) | ||
| Mild–moderate | 23 (15.5) | 8 (10.3) | 15 (21.4) | ||
| Severe–extreme | 6 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (8.6) | ||
| DASS-21 depression score continuous, mean ± SD | 4.58 ± 4.83 | 2.92 ± 3.37 | 6.43 ± 5.52 | t = −4.60 | <0.001 |
| DASS-21 depression severity, n (%) | χ2 = 15.55 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 127 (85.8) | 75 (96.2) | 52 (74.3) | ||
| Mild–moderate | 20 (13.5) | 3 (3.8) | 17 (24.3) | ||
| Severe–extreme | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) |
Compared to control subjects, women with RPL had significantly higher scores of depression (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), and stress (p < 0.001) symptoms (Table 2). Mild–moderate and severe–extreme anxiety symptoms were more pronounced in RPL cases (p = 0.003). Similarly, mild–moderate and severe–extreme depression symptoms were more pronounced in RPL cases (p < 0.001). On the other hand, stress cases were in the mild–moderate category, and were comparable between cases and controls (p = 0.773), (Table 2).