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. 2023 Jan 20;11:10. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01453-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — a Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot of the gene catalog at the genus level between the forage-based (F) and grain-based (G) diets in each gastrointestinal tract (GIT) region. The differences between groups were assessed using the ANOSIM test based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index. b Comparison of alpha diversity (richness index) and beta diversity (Bray–Curtis) between the F- and G-fed animals, respectively. Significance is based on the relative index of each cohort according to the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. c The different abundances in dominant taxa at the phylum and genus levels of the bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic communities among the GIT regions between the F and G diets. The number and top taxonomic populations of the significantly increased (d) and decreased (e) abundances of SGBs from the proximal to distal GIT (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, log₂^{fold−change} > 1 and p < 0.05). The height of the column represents the number of differential SGBs classified into specific genera. RUM, rumen; RET, reticulum; OMA, omasum; ABO, abomasum; DUO, duodenum; JEJ, jejunum; ILE, ileum; CEC, cecum; COL, colon; REC, rectum