Table 1.
Prevalence studies on ehrlichiosis in dogs conducted in south and east Asian countries.
| Country/Region | Sample Source | Causative Agent/Species | Diagnostic Method | Prevalence % (Positive/Total Number of Samples) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Asia Pakistan |
Blood |
Ehrlichia canis |
PCR |
28 (42/151) |
[26] |
| Pakistan | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 24.5 (12/49) | [27] |
| India | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 8 (12/150) | [28] |
| India | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 8.40 (70/833) | [29] |
| India | Ticks Blood |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis |
PCR PCR |
16.1 16.9 |
[30] |
| India | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 30 (18/60) | [22] |
| India | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 41.59 (89/214) | [31] |
| India | Blood Serum |
Ehrlichia sp.
Ehrlichia canis |
Microscopy ELISA |
14.28 (12/84) 86.90 (73/84) |
[24] |
| India | Blood Blood |
Ehrlichia sp.
Ehrlichia canis |
Microscopy PCR |
19.38 (19/98) 50 (49/98) |
[32] |
| India | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 0.39 (3/778) | [33] |
| India | Serum | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 48.33 (29/60) | [34] |
| India | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 20.6 | [14] |
| India | Serum Blood |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis |
ELISA PCR |
57.5 (293/510) 8.8 (45/510) |
[35] |
| India | Blood Serum Blood |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis |
Microscopy ELISA PCR |
1.33 (3/225) 19.11 (43/225) 5.78 (13/225) |
[36] |
| India | Serum | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 19 (9/48) | [37] |
| Nepal | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 27.14 (19/70) | [38] |
| Nepal | Blood | Ehrlichia spp. | Microscopy | 8 (4/50) | [39] |
| Bangladesh | Blood |
Anaplasma/
Ehrlichia spp. |
PCR | 2.9 (3/68) | [40] |
| East Asia People’s Republic of China (PRC) |
Serum | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 1.29 (4/309) | [41] |
| PRC | Blood Blood |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis |
PCR PCR |
12.12 (36/297) 15.23 (108/709) |
[42] |
| PRC | Blood Ticks |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis |
PCR PCR |
1.4 (15/1114) 4.1 (6/146) |
[43] |
| PRC | Ticks Serum |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis |
PCR PCR PCR ELISA |
11.03 (50/453) 3.29 (3/91) 13.69 (10/73) 1.33 (7/526) |
[44] |
| PRC | Serum | Ehrlichia canis | SNAP test (EISA) | 2.17 (13/600) | [45] |
| PRC | Ticks | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 0.97 (3/308) | [46] |
| PRC | Ticks | Ehrlichia spp. (E.canis and E.muris like) | PCR | 28.7 (24/849) | [47] |
| PRC | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 1.9% | [48] |
| PRC | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 0.0 (0/162) | [49] |
| Japan | Serum |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia muris |
IFA IFA IFA |
18 (27/150) 18.7 (28/150) 11.3 (17/150) |
[50] |
| Japan | Ticks | Ehrlichia platys | PCR | 9.4 (3/32) | [51] |
| Japan | Blood | Ehrlichia platys | PCR | 1.5 (1/67) Yamaguchi 27.6 (24/87) Okinawa |
[51] |
| Japan | Serum | Ehrlichia muris | IFA | 3.6 (18/499) | [52] |
| Japan | Blood |
Ehrlichia spp./Anaplasma
spp. |
PCR | 1.5 (11/722) | [53] |
| Japan | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR+ Electron Microscopy |
100 (1/1) | [54] |
| Japan | Ticks | Ehrlichia spp | PCR | 0.25 (3/1211) | [55] |
| Japan | Ticks | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 0.0 (0/1211) | [55] |
| South Korea | Serum Blood |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis |
SNAP test (ELISA) PCR |
4.7 (25/532) 0.0 (0/25) |
[56] |
| South Korea | Serum |
Ehrlichia spp. (E. canis/E. ewingii)
Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
ELISA/IFA ELISA/IFA |
10.3 (228/2215) 2.3 (52/2215) |
[57] |
| South Korea | Serum Serum Blood |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis |
ELISA IFA PCR |
0.6 (1/182) 22.5 (41/182) 0.0 (0/182) |
[58] |
| South Korea | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 6.1 (14/229) Rural dogs 0.0 (0/692) Urban dogs |
[59] |
| South Korea | Serum Blood |
Ehrlichia spp
Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
ELISA PCR |
7.56 (22/291) 3.09 (9/291) |
[60] |
| South Korea | Blood | Ehrlichia chaffeensis | PCR | 100 (2/2) | [5] |
| South Korea | Ticks | Ehrlichia chaffeensis | PCR | 4.2% (26/611) | [57] |
| South Korea | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | (ELISA) | 12.3 (29/236) | [61] |
| South Korea | Ticks |
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
PCR PCR |
0.0 (0/1110) 0.0 (0/1110) |
[25] |
| ROC Taiwan | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 2 (2/101) | [62] |
| ROC Taiwan | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 1.5 | [48] |
| ROC Taiwan | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | ELISA | 9.9 (34/344) | [63] |
| ROC Taiwan | Blood Blood Ticks |
Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis | ELISA PCR PCR |
11.4 (20/175) 8.6 (15/175) 1 (3/306) |
[64] |
| Hong Kong SAR, China | Blood | Ehrlichia canis | PCR | 8 (8/100) stray 6 (6/100) Pet |
[65] |