Table 1.
Examples of different fungal strains that utilize different types of waste as substrate for SCP production and percent of their protein composition.
| Waste | Fungal Strains | Protein (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apple pomace | Aspergillus niger | 17–20 | [62] |
| Apple peels | Trichoderma harzianum | 21.65 | [63] |
| Banana peels |
Trichoderma harzianum
Rhizopus oryzae Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
17.60 15.37 9.99 |
[57,63] |
| Spent grain from Brewery | Rhizopus oligosporus | 32.90 | [64] |
| Cactus pear |
Aspergillus niger
Rhizopus ssp. |
5.2 | [46] |
| Tomato waste | Trichoderma harzianum | 84.46 | [63] |
| Mango waste | Trichoderma harzianum | 33.38 | [63] |
| Shell wastes of Prawn | Unspecified marine yeast |
61–70 | [65] |
| Wheat straw | Pleurotus ostreatus var florida | 63 | [66] |
| Orange pulp, molasses, Spent grain from Brewery, whey, pulp of potato |
Kluyveromyces marxianus | 59 | [67] |
| Soy molasses | Candida tropicalis | 56 | [68] |
| Inulin, crude oil, glycerol waste hydrocarbons | Yarrowia lipolytica | 48–54 | [69,70] |
| Waste liquor | Aspergillus niger | 50 | [71] |
| Stick water | Aspergillus niger | 49 | [72] |
| Spoiled fruits of date palm | Hanseniaspora uvarum | 49 | [73] |
| Low quality fruits of some dates | Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC64712 | 55 | [74] |
| Cucumber and orange peels (leftovers) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Cucumber peel (53.4) Orange peel (30.5) |
[55] |
| Candies production effluent and agricultural digestate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 28 | [75] |
| Banana peel, carrot pomace, citrus peel, and potato peel | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 47.7 | [76] |
| Fish, citrus peels, banana, pineapple, and apple | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 40.2 | [77] |
| Oat bran, rye bran, and rye straw hydrolysates | Yarrowia lipolytica | 30.5–44.5 | [78] |
| Cheese whey | Kefir ssp. | 54 | [79] |
| Cheese whey | Kluyveromyces marxianus | 43 | [60] |
| Cheese whey filtrate | Trichoderma harzianum | 34 | [80] |
| Cheese whey | Kluyveromyces marxianus Candida krusei | 48 | [81] |
| Poultry litter, waste powder of capsicum |
Candida utilis | Poultry litter (29) Waste powder of capsicum (48) |
[82] |
| Waste from processing of potato starch |
Aspergillus niger H3 (mutant strain) |
38 | [54] |
| Glucose | Fusarium venenatum | 44 | [83] |
| Lignin | Chrysonilia sitophila | 39 | [84] |
| Citrus pulp | Trichoderma virideae | 32 | [85] |
| Spent grains from Brewery, hemicellulosic hydrolysate |
Debaryomyces hansenii | 32 | [85] |
| Bagasse | Candida tropicalis | 31 | [86] |
| Orange pulp, molasses, spent grains from Brewery, whey, potato pulp |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 24 | [67] |
| Banana wastes | Aspergillus niger | 18 | [87] |
| Rice bran | Aspergillus niger | 11 | [88] |
| Aspergillus flavus | 10 | ||
| Fusarium semitectum | |||
| Cladosporium cladosporioides | |||
| Penicillium citrinum | |||
| Aspergillus ochraceus | |||
| Rice bran (deoiled) | Aspergillus oryzae | 24 | [89] |