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. 2023 Jan 15;24(2):1724. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021724

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© 2023 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Muscle BCAA metabolism in diabetes. The pluses and minuses indicate the main changes associated with decreased glycolysis and preferential fatty acid oxidation resulting in impaired BCAA catabolism. 1, pyruvate dehydrogenase; 2, pyruvate carboxylase; 3, BCAA aminotransferase; 4, BCKA dehydrogenase; 5, AST mitochondrial; 6, AST cytosolic; 7, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase; 8, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 9, ALT mitochondrial; 10, ALT cytosolic; 11, lactate dehydrogenase; 12, glutamine synthetase. AGC, aspartate-glutamate carrier; ASCT1, alanine, serine, cysteine, and threonine carrier 1 (SLC1A4); BCAA, branched-chain amino acids; BAC, branched-chain amino acid carrier (SLC25A44); BCA-CoA, branched-chain acyl-CoA; BCKA, branched-chain keto acids; CAC, citric acid cycle; CS carnitine system; ECF, extracellular fluid; LAT1 (large neutral amino acid transporter 1); Mal, malate; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; MKC, malate-ketoglutarate carrier; OA, oxaloacetate; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; X^-_ag, a transporter for aspartate and glutamate (SLC1 family).