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. 2022 Dec 20;15(1):2. doi: 10.3390/toxins15010002

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Frequency of botulism cases by toxin type and case classification, in Spain 1997–2019. Note: “Not specified” includes all cases in which the toxin was detected but the type was not identified. Confirmed cases are those in which toxin was detected in clinical samples (green), while probable cases include those in which toxin was detected in food (red) and those involved in an outbreak with confirmed cases (blue). Cases with toxin detection in both clinical and food samples are shown in the “toxin in clinical samples” category.