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. 2023 Jan 13;24(2):1626. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021626

Table 2.

Pharmacological activities of Corydalis saxicola Bunting.

Tested Substance Assay, Organism, or Cell Line Biological Results References
Anticancer activity CSBTA Walker 256 induced bone pain and osteoporosis in rats, Breast Cancer Cells, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, Walker 256 cells Improved bone pain and osteoporosis in rats, suppressed expression of Rankl, down regulated the ratio of RANKL/OPG, inhibited pathways of NF-κB and c-Fos/NFATc1 to suppressed osteoclast formation [25]
CSBTA A549 cells Inhibition migration of A549 cells by suppressing Cdc42 or Vav1 [8]
CSBTA A549 cells Inhibited tumor growth by down-regulating Survivin, reduced the degree of bone destruction [26]
CSBTA A549 cells Inhibited the migration ability of A549 cells, decreased the expression of Cdc42 protein [27]
CSBTA A549 cells Inhibition proliferation, induced apoptosis and up regulation of caspase and down of survivin [28]
CSBTA and cis-platinum A549 cells Inhibition proliferation [29]
CSBTA Tca8113 cells Induced apoptosis and suppression of Bcl-2 [30]
CSBTA Tca8113 cells Inhibition proliferation, induced apoptosis [31]
CSBTA Tca8113 cells Inhibition proliferation and telomerase activity [32]
CSBTA CNE-1 112.41 µg/mL (IC50) [23]
CSBTA CNE-2 123.46 µg/mL (IC50) [23]
CSBTA A2780 148.40 µg/mL (IC50) [23]
CSBTA SKOV3 128.51 µg/mL (IC50) [23]
CSBTA PM2 166.66 µg/mL (IC50) [23]
CSB injection mouse sarcoma S180 The average tumor inhibition rate was more than 30% [33]
CSB injection ehrlich ascites tumor The average tumor inhibition rate was more than 30% [33]
CSB injection and aristolochic acid mouse sarcoma S180 The average tumor inhibition rate was more than 50% [33]
CSB injection and aristolochic acid ehrlich ascites tumor The average tumor inhibition rate was more than 50% [33]
CSB injection mouse sarcoma S180 Some inhibition and inhibited respiration [17]
CSB injection ehrlich ascites tumor Some inhibition and inhibited respiration [17]
CSB injection liver cancer Some inhibition and inhibited respiration [17]
CSB injection ascites cancer Some inhibition and inhibited respiration [17]
CSB injection rat sarcoma 256 Some inhibition and inhibited respiration [17]
CSB injection mouse peritoneal macrophages Significantly enhanced phagocytosis [17]
CSB injection S180 Inhibition of respiratory metabolism [34]
CSB injection HAC Inhibition of respiratory metabolism [34]
CSB injection EAC Inhibition of respiratory metabolism [34]
CSB injection S180, HAC, EAC, W256, rat Significantly inhibition [35]
CSB injection S180, HAC, EAC, W256 Killing effect [36]
aqueous extract HepG2 Inhibition proliferation and migration [25]
Corydalisin A MGC-803 83.56 ±1.89 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin A HepG2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin A T24 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin A NCI-H460 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin A Spca-2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin B MGC-803 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin B HepG2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin B T24 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin B NCI-H460 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin B Spca-2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin C MGC-803 8.81 ±2.05 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin C HepG2 22.23 ±1.85 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin C T24 9.62 ±1.46 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin C NCI-H460 25.79 ±1.04 μM (IC50) [1]
Corydalisin C Spca-2 17.28 ±1.29 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin F MGC-803 10.10 ±1.15 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin F HepG2 38.93 ±1.07 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin F T24 11.54 ±1.49 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin F NCI-H460 30.96 ±1.27 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin F Spca-2 22.23 ±1.44 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin E MGC-803 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin E HepG2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin E T24 46.54 ±1.62 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin E NCI-H460 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin E Spca-2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin D MGC-803 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin D HepG2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin D T24 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin D NCI-H460 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
Cannabisin D Spca-2 > 100 μM (IC50) [1]
1,2-dihydro-6,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4- hydroxyphenyl)-N 1, N 2 -bis [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-2,3-naphthalene dicarboxamide MGC-803;
HepG2;T24;
NCI-H460;
Spca-2		 55.16 ±0.78 μM (IC50);
> 100 μM (IC50);
48.15 ±1.09 μM (IC50);
> 100 μM (IC50);
43.89 ±1.57 μM (IC50)		 [1]
grossamide MGC-803 26.95 ±1.24 μM (IC50) [1]
grossamide HepG2 40.75 ±0.88 μM (IC50) [1]
grossamide T24 21.19 ±1.53 μM (IC50) [1]
grossamide NCI-H460 36.38 ±1.39 μM (IC50) [1]
grossamide Spca-2 27.22 ±1.72 μM (IC50) [1]
Dehydrocavidine SMMC-7721 Significantly inhibition [37]
palmatine SMMC-7721 Significantly inhibition [37]
Dehydrocavidine Tca8113 Significantly inhibition, suppression of NF-kappa B, P50 and P60 [38]
CSBTA Tca8113 Significantly inhibition, suppression of NF-kappa B, P50 and P60 [38]
Dehydrocavidine Tca8113 Inhibition proliferation, telomerase activity and the expression of hTERT [39]
Pallidine DNA topoisomerase I Strong inhibitory effect on human DNA topoisomerase I [19]
scoulerine DNA topoisomerase I Strong inhibitory effect on human DNA topoisomerase I [19]
chelerythrine unknown Have certain anticancer effect [21]
(−)-13β-hydroxystylopine unknown Have certain anticancer effect [21]
Corysaxicolaine A T24 7.63 μM (IC50) [7]
Corysaxicolaine A A549 13.32 μM (IC50) [7]
Corysaxicolaine A HepG2 12.39 μM (IC50) [7]
Corysaxicolaine A MGC-803 9.98 μM (IC50) [7]
Corysaxicolaine A SKOV3 12.36 μM (IC50) [7]
Hepatoprotective effects CSBTA rats Interventional treatment of chronic liver injury [40]
CSBTA HSC-T6 Induced apoptosis and autophagy [41]
CSBTA CYP450s in rats CYP1A2 (IC50, 38.08 μg/mL; Ki, 14.3 μg/mL), CYP2D1 (IC50, 20.89 μg/mL; Ki, 9.34 μg/mL), CYP2C6/11 (IC50 for diclofenac and S-mephenytoin, 56.98 and 31.59 μg/mL; Ki, 39.0 and 23.8 μg/mL), CYP2B1 (IC50, 48.49 μg/mL; )Ki, 36.3 μg/mL) [42]
CSBTA chronic hepatotoxicity in rats Restored the levels of 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, hippurateand taurine [43]
CSBTA acute hepatic injury rats Significantly reduced the content of AST, ALT [44]
chronic hepatic injury rats Significantly increased the level of serum TP, reduced the content of AST, ALT, AKP, LN and HA [45]
CSBTA immune hepatic injury rat Reduced serum GOT activity, IL-4, increased the rate of IFN-γ/IL-4 [46]
CSBTA rats Have certain preventive and therapeutic effect on acute liver injury and on chronic liver fibrosis [47]
CSBTA rats Obvious protective effect on acute liver injury, inhibited the formation of chronic liver fibrosis [48]
CSBTA hepatic fibrosis rats Inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 and MMP-9 [49]
CSBTA acute hepatic injury rats Increased the content of AST, ALT and SOD,
reduced MDA		 [50]
aqueous extract liver fibrosis in rats Regulated the level of some amino acids, identified 157 potential targets of CS and265 targets of liver fibrosis [51]
aqueous extract acute hepatic injury rats Improved deviations of metabolites (soleucine, alanine, glutamine, phosphocholine and glycerol) [52]
aqueous extract acute hepatic injury rats Increased the content of AST, ALT and SOD,
reduced MDA		 [53]
aqueous extract acute hepatic injury rats Reduced the contents of AST and ALTpromote the production of mouse hemolysin antibody
LD50 = 298.5 mg·kg-1 		[54]
aqueous extract acute hepatic injury rats Reduced the content of AST and ALT [55]
Dehydrocavidine HSC-T6 Inhibition proliferation, induced apoptosis [56]
palmatine HSC-T6 Inhibition proliferation, induced apoptosis [56]
berberine HSC-T6 Inhibition proliferation, induced apoptosis [56]
Dehydrocavidine hepatic fibrosis rats Reduced hepatic hydroxyproline,
increases urinary hydroxyproline		 [57]
Dehydrocavidine liver injury in rats Down regulated EPHX2, HYOU1, GSTM3, Sult1a2 and P450, reduce free radical, lose weight, MDA, ALT, AST, ALP and TBIL [58]
Dehydrocavidine liver injury in rats Increased ALT, AST and TBIL, Reduces the inflammatory cell infiltration of cell degeneration and necrosis and damages the ultrastructure of liver cells [59]
Anti-HBV activity extract Duck hepatitis B virus Reduced DHBV-DNA [60]
total extract of root HBsAg 0.17 mg/mL (IC50) [18]
total extract of root HBeAg <0.04 mg/mL (IC50) [18]
Saxicolalines A HBsAg 2.19 μM (IC50) [18]
Saxicolalines A HBeAg >2.81μM (IC50) [18]
N-methylnarceimicine HBsAg 1.22 μM (IC50) [18]
N-methylnarceimicine HBeAg 1.84 μM (IC50) [18]
6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine HBsAg 6.55 μM (IC50) [18]
6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine HBeAg >2.54 μM (IC50) [18]
dihydrochelerythrine HBsAg <0.05 μM (IC50) [18]
dihydrochelerythrine HBeAg <0.05 μM (IC50) [18]
adlumidine HBsAg 1.35 μM (IC50) [18]
adlumidine HBeAg >2.73 μM (IC50) [18]
(−)-salutaridine HBsAg 0.26 μM (IC50) [18]
(−)-salutaridine HBeAg 0.43 μM (IC50) [18]
palmatine HBsAg >4.26 μM (IC50) [18]
palmatine HBeAg >4.26 μM (IC50) [18]
protopine HBsAg 2.61 μM (IC50) [18]
protopine HBeAg >4.25 μM (IC50) [18]
coptisine HBsAg 2.74 μM (IC50) [18]
coptisine HBeAg 3.19 μM (IC50) [18]
(+)-magnoflorine HBsAg >4.39 μM (IC50) [18]
(+)-magnoflorine HBeAg >4.39 μM (IC50) [18]
dehydrocheilanthifoline HepG2.2.15 115.95 μM (CC50) [3]
dehydrocheilanthifoline HBsAg 15.84 ± 0.36 μM (IC50) [3]
dehydrocheilanthifoline HBeAg 17.12 ± 0.45 μM (IC50) [3]
dehydrocheilanthifoline Extracellular DNA 15.08 ± 0.66 μM (IC50) [3]
dehydrocheilanthifoline Intracellular DNA 7.62 ± 0.24 μM (IC50) [3]
dehydrocheilanthifoline Intracellular cccDNA 8.25 ± 0.43 μM (IC50) [3]
Crude extract HBsAg 0.16 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
Crude extract HBeAg < 0.04 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
6-acetonyl-5, 6-dihydrosanguinarine HBsAg 0.65 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
6-acetonyl-5, 6-dihydrosanguinarine HBeAg >1.00 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
dihydrochelerythrine HBsAg <0.02 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
dihydrochelerythrine HBeAg <0.02 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
adlumidine HBsAg 0.50 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
adlumidine HBeAg >1.00 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
(−)-salutaridine HBsAg 0.09 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
(−)-salutaridine HBeAg 0.15 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
palmatine HBsAg >1.50 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
palmatine HBeAg >1.50 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
protopine HBsAg 0.92 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
protopine HBeAg >1.50 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
coptisine HBsAg 0.88 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
coptisine HBeAg >1.02 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
(+)-magnoflorine HBsAg >1.50 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
(+)-magnoflorine HBeAg 1.50 mg/mL (IC50) [61]
dehydrocavidine HBsAg 33% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydrocavidine HBeAg 22% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydroapocavidine HBsAg 39% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydroapocavidine HBeAg 24% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydroisoapocavidine HBsAg 29% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydroisoapocavidine HBeAg 23% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
berberine HBsAg 8% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
berberine HBeAg 7% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydroisocorypalmine HBsAg 6% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
dehydroisocorypalmine HBeAg 6% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
coptisine HBsAg 6% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
coptisine HBeAg 9% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
tetradehydroscoulerine HBsAg 7% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
tetradehydroscoulerine HBeAg 6% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
berbinium HBsAg 9% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
berbinium HBeAg 6% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
1-formyl-5-methoxy-6-methylindoline HBsAg 2% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
1-formyl-5-methoxy-6-methylindoline HBeAg 7% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
1-formyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylindoline HBsAg 5% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
1-formyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylindoline HBeAg 3% inhibition [62.5 μg/mL] [15]
Enhancement of immune function CSBTA rats CSBTA (40 μg/mL) began to enhance, enhanced the levels of T cell production of IFN-γ and IL-2 [62]
Antioxidant activity CSBTA rats Reduced the of content MDA and increase SOD activity, enhance the antioxidant capacity of rat liver [63]
cavidine DPPH assay 6.85 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
cheilanthifoline DPPH assay 0.25 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
tetrahydropalmatine DPPH assay 3.79 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
stylopine DPPH assay 2.56 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
canadine DPPH assay 2.18 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
dehydrocavidine DPPH assay 16.51 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
dehydrocheilanthifoline DPPH assay 1.63 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
berberine DPPH assay 7.40 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
pallidine DPPH assay 1.00 mg/mL (IC50) [2]
Effects on the central nervous system CSBTA rats Reduced the content of DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA, the level of DA has no effect (50, 100 mg/kg CSBTA) [64]
CSBTA rats Reduced activity (25 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA monkey Reduced activity (12 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA cats Reduced activity (10-15 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA rats Reduced irritated response (50 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA rats 77% suppressed conditional emission (50 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA rats Increased the hypnotic time of pentobarbital sodium by more than 2 to 4 times (25 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA rabbit Activity slow down (20-30 mg/kg CSBTA) [65]
CSBTA rats LD50 = 223 mg/kg [65]
CSBTA rats Reduced the arthritis (50 mg/kg CSBTA) [66]
Dehydrocavidine rats Reduced the content of DA and HVA [67]
Dohydrocyaidine rats Reduced spontaneous activity [68]
Dohydrocyaidine rats Synergistic effect with barbiturates [68]
Anti-inflammatory activity CSBTA M1 macrophages Obvious toxic effect on the activity of M1-Mφ, significantly reduced the mRNA level of IL-6, TNF-α, CD86, IL-1β [69]
CSBTA rats Significantly inhibited the addition of capillary permeability, and suppressed exudation, edema and connective tissue hyperplasia [70]
Corydalis saxicola suppository chronic pelvic inflammatory disease model rats Significantly inhibited the uterine swelling, significantly reduced the spleen index, hemameba, neutrophil, TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA, improved thymus index, ovary index, lgG, lgM and SOD [71]
Corydalis saxicola rectal suppository rats Obvious inhibited ear swelling, the addition of capillary permeability, and writhing reaction in rat [72]
Analgesic effect CSBTA rats Reduced the level of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and PGE2. inhibited the overexpression level of DRG, TG, p-p38 and TRPV1 [73]
CSBTA rats Inhibited the "writhing reaction" in rat (50 mg/kg CSBTA), improve the "pain closure" of rats to heat stimulation (100 mg/kg CSBTA) [66]
Dohydrocyaidine rats The effects of sedative, analgesic, and spasmolysis, LD50 = 71.6±2.92 mg/kg [68]
deheydrocavidine unknown Have certain sedative and analgesic effects [21]
Antibacterial activity CSBTA staphylococcus aureus 17.8 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA staphylococcus aureus 70.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA streptococcus pyogenes 20.5 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA streptococcus pyogenes 70.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA streptococcus faecalis 17.8 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 70.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA escherichia coli 35.5 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 70.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA pseudomonas aeruginosa 70.0 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA >300 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA shigella flexneri 16.8 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 35.5 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA salmonella typhi 35.5 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 70.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA salmonella enteritidis 16.8 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 70.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA klebsiella pneumoniae 70.0 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 130.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA proteus 70.0 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA 130.0 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
CSBTA candida albicans 130.0 mg/mL (MIC) [74]
CSBTA > 300 mg/mL (MBC) [74]
extract staphylococcus aureus 20.0 mg/mL (MIC) [75]
extract +Cefradine staphylococcus aureus 0.375 (FIC) synergistic effect [75]
extract + Levofloxacin staphylococcus aureus 0.5 (FIC) synergistic effect [75]
extract + Fosfomycin staphylococcus aureus 1.5 (FIC) irrelevant effect [75]
extract + Penicillin staphylococcus aureus 0.375 (FIC) synergistic effect [75]
dehydrocarvidine gram-positive strains;
gram-negative bacterium		 Have certain inhibitory effect on gram-positive strains, minimum concentration is 0.078 mg/mL, and has no inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria [76]
deheydrocavidine staphylococcus aureus;
beta hemolytic streptococcus;
corynebacterium diphtheriae;
penicillin-resistant white staphylococcus aureus		 Have an inhibiting effect [21]
dohydrocyaidine rats Antibacterial effect [68]
ChOleretic effects CSBTA guinea pig Bile secretion is temporarily reduced [66]
extract rats Increased the amount of bile excretion [77]
Other activities CSBTA rats Intervention of host co-metabolism and intestinal flora in rats with intestinal flora imbalance [78]
CSBTA rats Significantly decreased the levels of plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats, regulated blood lipid levels in high-fat diet rats [79]
Dehydrocarvidine rats The transport of dehydrocavidine was carried out in vitro at different intestine segments [80]
Dehydrocarvidine Caco-2 cells The bi-directional transport of dehydrocavidine in Caco-2 monolayer model showed significant difference [80]