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. 2023 Jan 15;16(2):836. doi: 10.3390/ma16020836

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A schematic description of coupling numerical simulation with fracture model to predict internal cracks. (a) The damage evolution at the material point: (a1), (a2) and (a3) are the start of time step increment; (a4)–(a6) are the post-time steps of (a1), (a2), and (a3), respectively. (b) The damage value contour of simple tension simulation: (b1) shows the whole model in the X–Y plane, and (b2)–(b6) shows damage propagation in the Z–X plane through time at the red marked region in (b1). Reproduced with permission [24]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.