Table 3.

Constitutive models to capture the Bauschinger effect under SPCs.

Modelling Strategy	Back Stress	Change of Yield Surface Shape	References
Kinematic hardening	√	×	[167,168,169,170,172,173,174,175,193]
Distortional hardening	×	√	[166,176,177,178,179,180,181,183,184,186,187,194]
Combined hardening	√	√	[188,189,190,191,192,195,196,197,198]